Page 1354 – RTO Insider

February 5, 2017

FERC Sides with Wind Generators, Rejects SPP Reactive Power Filing

By Rich Heidorn Jr.

In a victory for wind energy advocates, FERC last week rejected SPP’s proposed method for measuring generators’ reactive power, saying it said would result in excessive and unnecessary costs (ER17-107).

The commission rejected the RTO’s October compliance filing in response to Order 827, which revised the pro forma large and small generator interconnection agreements to add reactive power requirements for all newly interconnecting nonsynchronous generators.

ferc spp reactive power filing — Smoky Hills Wind Farm in Kansas

Although the order required grid operators to ensure compliance by measuring reactive power at the “high-side” of the generator substation, SPP sought an “independent entity variation” allowing it to conduct measurements at the point of interconnection.

SPP said the variation was justified because its transmission system is dispersed over a wide geographic area and that many interconnection customers use longer generator lead lines to the point of interconnection to reach optimal parts of the transmission system.

The RTO said that measurements at the generator substation will not reflect “the charging or impedance” on the generator lead lines between that substation and the interconnection, creating a risk of excessive high and low voltages on the transmission system. SPP said that reliability standards would require the installation of reactive power compensation devices, at additional cost to transmission customers.

The proposal brought protests from several renewable generators and the American Wind Energy Association, which said the commission had considered the potential for long generator lead lines in their deliberations on Order 827. They also said SPP was not unique in having high-voltage nonsynchronous generator lead lines of 20 miles or longer.

The commission agreed, noting that Order 827 found that “requiring fully dynamic reactive power capability at the point of interconnection may result in significantly increased costs for nonsynchronous generators.”

Although setting reactive power requirements at the point of interconnection “would provide the greatest amount of reactive power to the transmission system,” the commission said, “the costs associated with providing that level of reactive power do not justify the added benefit to the transmission system.”

“In Order No. 827, the commission carefully considered the appropriate point at which to measure reactive power and ultimately found that ‘measuring the reactive power requirements at the high-side of the generator substation reasonably balances the need for reactive power for the transmission system with the costs to nonsynchronous generators of providing reactive power.’”

FERC also said SPP was not unique in its geography and had failed to provide information to support its reliability concerns. “Like SPP, other ISOs/RTOs have nonsynchronous generation interconnecting with the generator terminals located a significant distance from their point of interconnection. Similarly, SPP faces the same growing penetration of nonsynchronous generators as other ISOs/RTOs that in part resulted in the commission issuing Order No. 827,” the commission said.

It ordered the RTO to submit an additional compliance filing within 30 days.

February 5, 2017

FERC OKs Pipelines, Delegation Order Before Losing Quorum

By William Opalka

Preparing for the loss of its quorum, FERC last week issued an order delegating additional authority to staff and approved two massive natural gas pipelines that could have languished for months after former Chairman Norman Bay’s resignation.

The commission granted a certificate of public convenience and necessity (CPCN) on Thursday for the 510-mile Rover Pipeline, which would transport 3.25 million dekatherms/day from eastern Ohio to southern Michigan (CP15-93). On Friday, the commission approved a CPCN for Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Co.’s Atlantic Sunrise pipeline, which would transport 1.7 million dekatherms/day from Pennsylvania to South Carolina (CP15-138).

The approval of Rover prevented a yearlong delay in construction. Tree-clearing on the project is prohibited between March 31 and Oct. 1 in Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania, and between Nov. 15 and March 31 in West Virginia, to protect the endangered Northern Long-eared bat, according to its environmental impact statement.

The commission also approved two smaller pipeline projects late last week:

A 99-mile pipeline proposed by National Fuel Gas Supply and Empire Pipeline to connect McKean County in north-central Pennsylvania to an existing main line in Erie County, N.Y. The project includes an interconnection to the TransCanada system at the Canadian border west of Buffalo. Empire will be able to transport 350,000 dekatherms/day into Ontario (CP15-115).
A 12.9-mile pipeline loop in Wayne and Pike counties in eastern Pennsylvania to serve Tennessee Gas Pipeline’s mainline that runs into New England (CP16-4).

The orders issued by FERC last week, Bay noted, added “more than several billion cubic feet of new gas pipeline capacity.” In all, the commission issued more than 60 orders last week, including issuances on capacity market rules in MISO, NYISO and ISO-NE, financial transmission rights in PJM, the Energy Imbalance Market run by CAISO and SPP’s measurement of reactive power.

In at least two of the orders, Bay issued statements recommending changes in FERC policies, including one criticizing the minimum offer price rule in capacity markets. (See related stories, Bay Calls for Review of Marcellus, Utica Shale Development.)

Loss of Quorum Sparks Fears

Bay resigned effective Feb. 3 after President Trump named Commissioner Cheryl LaFleur as acting chairman.

There were already two vacancies on the commission, so Bay’s departure left FERC with only LaFleur and Commissioner Colette Honorable — one member short of the quorum needed to resolve contested cases, including challenges to infrastructure projects. (See LaFleur Reinstates Morenoff as FERC General Counsel.)

A coalition of 14 energy trade associations representing the oil and gas industry, utilities, hydropower and nuclear interests wrote to Trump on Thursday urging him to fill the vacancies. “The absence of a quorum will leave the agency unable to tackle much of its important work promoting energy infrastructure for the benefit of U.S. energy consumers,” the letter said.

On Wednesday, U.S. Sens. Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren, both Democrats from Massachusetts, expressed concern that rehearing requests for the recently approved Atlantic Bridge project would go unheeded. (See Atlantic Bridge Project Approved by FERC.) “We request that FERC immediately rescind the order authorizing the Atlantic Bridge pipeline project until such time as the agency has a newly constituted quorum in place that will allow it to hear an appeal of this project,” they wrote.

New Delegation Order

The commission on Friday delegated additional authority to staff to keep some cases moving (AD17-10).

Under the order, effective Feb. 4, Office of Energy Market Regulation (OEMR) Director Jamie Simler or her designee can:

Accept and suspend rate filings, and make them effective subject to refund and further order of the commission, or set them for hearing and settlement judge procedures. For initial rates or rate decreases submitted under Section 205 of the Federal Power Act, for which suspension and refund protection are unavailable, FERC staff has authority under FPA Section 206 to institute proceedings to protect customers’ interests.
Take “appropriate action” on uncontested filings seeking waivers of the terms and conditions of tariffs, rate schedules and service agreements (including waivers related to capacity release and capacity market rules) under the FPA, the Natural Gas Act and the Interstate Commerce Act.
Accept settlements not contested by any party or participant, including commission trial staff.

FERC staff also can extend the time for action on matters when permitted by statute. “By issuing the order today, the commission intends that to ensure that FERC staff has authority to prevent such filings from taking effect by operation of law during the no-quorum period,” the commission said in a statement.

The commission also said it would be guided by the 2012 Anti-Deficiency Act, which allows work to continue during a lapse in appropriations on activities the suspension of which would “imminently threaten the safety of human life or the protection of property.”

That ensures commission staff will continue inspecting and responding to incidents at LNG facilities and jurisdictional hydropower projects, FERC said.

All pre-existing delegations of authority to staff will remain in effect, FERC said. The temporary order will remain in effect until after the confirmation of a third member restores the quorum.

Because FERC commissioners are subject to Senate confirmation, that may not happen for months. Trump, focused in his first few weeks on filling out his cabinet and his Supreme Court pick, has not named any FERC candidates.

February 5, 2017

Bay Calls for Review of Marcellus, Utica Shale Development

By Rich Heidorn Jr.

WASHINGTON — Environmental activists opposing fracking and pipeline expansions regularly disrupted FERC meetings during Norman Bay’s two-and-a-half-year tenure as a FERC commissioner and chairman. On at least one occasion, activists took their protests to the street outside Bay’s D.C. house.

The activists contended FERC was shirking its responsibility by failing to consider whether the commission’s approvals of interstate natural gas pipelines were resulting in increased emissions. FERC has long insisted that such concerns are beyond its authority, as it doesn’t regulate the production of natural gas — a responsibility held by the states and the Interior Department.

marcellus utica shale norman bay — Protestors at Norman Bay’s home | *Beyond Extreme Energy*

But as it turned out, Bay had some misgivings about the commission’s legalistic reading.

In a five-page statement accompanying the commission’s ruling approving a 99-mile pipeline through Pennsylvania and New York on his last day in office, Bay gave his perspective on the impact of the shale gas revolution, lauding it for helping reduce electricity prices and carbon emissions but expressing concern about methane emissions and the potential for pipeline overcapacity (CP15-115).

Although it is not required to do so by the National Environmental Policy Act, Bay called on the commission to “analyze the environmental effects of increased regional gas production from the Marcellus and Utica” shale regions.

“Despite the growing importance of Marcellus and Utica gas production — it was 22.5 Bcfd in 2016 and is projected to surpass 44 Bcfd by 2050 — the commission has never conducted a comprehensive study of the environmental consequences of increased production from that region,” Bay noted. He said FERC should consider “the downstream impacts of the use of natural gas and … a life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions study.”

“As important as infrastructure development is,” he said, “it must also occur through processes that continue to promote public participation, transparency and confidence.”

Bay also said the commission should consider its reliance on signed agreements with shippers to determine the need for pipelines.

While these “precedent agreements” are useful indicators of need, Bay said the commission should also consider whether capacity is needed to ensure deliverability to power generators, reliability benefits and concerns “that anticipated markets may fail to materialize.”

He noted that LNG import terminals built during the early 2000s became stranded as shale gas largely eliminated the need for imports. “Overbuilding may subject ratepayers to increased costs of shipping gas on legacy systems. If a new pipeline takes customers from a legacy system, the remaining captive customers on the system may pay higher rates,” he said.

Bay — who resigned effective Feb. 3 after President Trump replaced him with Commissioner Cheryl LaFleur as acting chair — also had a parting shot at the minimum offer price rule in capacity markets. (See Bay Blasts MOPR on Way Out the Door.)

February 5, 2017

NYISO ‘Roadmap’ Sees Dispatchable DER by 2021

By William Opalka

New York envisions a future when distribute energy resources can participate in wholesale energy and capacity markets as seamlessly as any conventional generator.

To help get there, NYISO on Thursday released the final version of its DER Roadmap, which seeks to create flexible pathways for distributed energy to participate in markets as the industry moves away from a model based on central power stations. A fall workshop laid out a broad outline of how these resources could optimize the grid. (See NYISO DER Workshop Ponders the Grid of the Future.)

distributed energy resources dispatchable DER NYISO — | *NYISO Distributed Energy Resources Roadmap*

The document released last week provides more specific guidance and includes timelines and interim steps that could lead to implementing dispatchable DER rules in 2021.

“The NYISO’s market enhancements will permit dispatchable DER with various capabilities to participate in the wholesale markets. Integrating DER in this manner will require enhancements to wholesale market design, system planning and grid operations to better align resource investments and performance with system needs and conditions,” the report states.

DER can consist of demand management, power generation, energy storage or different combinations of all three aggregated into a single entity.

“The NYISO’s vison for dispatchable DER also aligns well with Reforming the Energy Vision in that it offers the potential to engage or animate certain consumers in ways that optimize grid utilization while helping these consumers better manage their own energy needs and costs,” Mike DeSocio, senior manager of market design, said at a media briefing Thursday.

| *NYISO Distributed Energy Resources Roadmap*

Other goals of the roadmap include the integration of DER into the energy, ancillary and capacity markets. “More fully integrating dispatchable DER will provide a means for DER to take advantage of real-time scheduling,” the report said. “It is important for the NYISO’s real-time systems to access and dispatch these resources in response to price signals reflective of grid conditions and needs.”

Improved load forecasts are seen as essential, as supply of distributed resources must be balanced with demand.

The roadmap also seeks ways to align compensation with system performance. The ISO said it intends to develop compensation aligning the flexibility and measured performance of DER with system needs, treating DER comparably with other resources.

Many of the DERs will be connected to the distribution network, unlike traditional generators, which are connected to the bulk transmission grid. The report said to ensure bulk power system reliability, an accurate representation of DER impacts at their interface to the grid is essential.

NYISO said the Roadmap is a starting point for discussions with stakeholders to develop market rules and operational protocols. It is also working with utilities to develop a series of demonstration projects that will require coordination or integration of DERs into the bulk power system.

February 5, 2017

FERC Accepts PJM’s FTR Plan, Rejects Rehearing Requests

By Rory D. Sweeney

FERC last week rejected rehearing requests over revisions to PJM’s financial transmission rights market, ruling in time for the RTO to implement the changes in its 2017 auction revenue rights allocation (EL16-6).

The commission’s Jan. 31 order upheld its Sept. 15 ruling that modeling assumptions PJM adopted to address FTR revenue inadequacy had resulted in unwarranted cost shifts between ARR holders and FTR holders. FERC also accepted PJM’s compliance filing in response to the commission’s requirement that it develop a method for allocating ARRs that doesn’t consider extinct generators. (See FERC Finds PJM ARR/FTR Market Design Flawed; Rejects Proposed Fix.)

PJM FERC FTR financial transmission rights — | *PJM*

Under the new rules, PJM will assign balancing congestion to real-time load and exports and regularly update its ARR allocations to reflect generator retirements. (See “Generators Displeased with FTR Adjustments,” PJM Market Implementation Committee Briefs.)

A variety of stakeholders, including the Independent Market Monitor, New Jersey and Delaware regulators, load-serving entities and the PJM Industrial Customer Coalition, had asked the commission to revisit the Sept. 15 order.

The requests focused on four points: netting the values of both positive and negative FTRs into a single portfolio for the FTR holder; allocation of balancing congestion; ARR Stage 1A overallocation; and PJM’s proposed 1.5% zonal load-forecast growth-rate adder to prevent infeasible ARRs.

On all four, FERC maintained its previous stance.

The commission rejected arguments that FTRs are meant to benefit only load. “FTRs were designed to serve as the financial equivalent of firm transmission service and play a key role in ensuring open access to firm transmission service by providing a congestion hedging function,” the commission said. “The purpose of FTRs to serve as a congestion hedge has been well established. … On the issue of cost causation, the commission found that while balancing congestion is currently allocated to FTR holders, FTR holders do not cause and cannot predict the level of balancing congestion.”

While the commission accepted PJM’s compliance filing, it rejected the RTO’s proposal to allocate any FTR overfunding surplus to ARR holders. FERC gave PJM 30 days to submit a compliance filing removing it.

“There was no finding in the Sept. 15 order that the current design with respect to surplus allocation is unjust and unreasonable, and there is no evidence that the changes required in the Sept. 15 order result in the current allocation of surplus funds as being unjust and unreasonable. Therefore, we find this aspect of PJM’s proposal as out of scope, without prejudice, and refer consideration of such changes to PJM’s stakeholder process,” the order said.

FERC accepted PJM’s requested effective dates, making replacement of historical source points for ARR allocations effective Feb. 1 and the Tariff provisions addressing PJM’s balancing congestion charge allocation effective June 1.

February 5, 2017

Bay Blasts MOPR on Way Out the Door

By William Opalka

FERC on Friday again rebuffed generators’ request to apply ISO-NE’s minimum offer price rule (MOPR) to 200 MW of renewable generation that were granted an exemption in 2014 (ER14-1639-005).

Although the order mainly rehashed old arguments, it offered Commissioner Norman Bay one last chance to blast the MOPR, which he did in a six-and-a-half-page concurrence.

ferc norman bay mopr — Bay | © *RTO Insider*

The commission rejected a request by NextEra Energy Resources, Public Service Enterprise Group and NRG Energy that it rehear its April 2016 order upholding the exemption. The 2016 remand order came after the companies challenged the exemption in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. (See FERC Affirms ISO-NE’s MOPR Exemption for Renewables.)

The commission reiterated expert testimony and economic theory that it said indicated the renewables exemption was necessary to protect consumers from paying for excess capacity and did not suppress capacity prices. It said the results of Forward Capacity Auctions 9 and 10 in 2015 and 2016 — as well as the qualifying filing for FCA 11 on Feb. 6 — “substantiate the reasonableness of the commission’s original determination.”

Bay, whose last day at FERC was Friday, used the order to offer a parting shot at MOPR.

“Despite the best intentions of the commission, in my view, the MOPR has turned out to be unsound in principle and unworkable in practice,” Bay wrote. “No other market in the United States is subject to the same construct in which a federal agency reviews state action and imposes an administrative price floor on supply offers from certain resources that have received state support. This places the commission in direct and recurring conflict with the states, ignores the pervasiveness of state and federal policies that support resources in one fashion or another, and represents a significant intervention in the market that raises costs to consumers.”

Bay appended a similar statement to another order on Friday that endorsed a MOPR exemption for demand response resources in NYISO capacity auctions.

February 5, 2017

MISO Ordered to Change Storage Rules Following IPL Complaint

By Amanda Durish Cook

FERC ruled last week that MISO’s Tariff unreasonably limits energy storage, directing the RTO to craft more inclusive Tariff language within 60 days.

The commission concluded Feb. 1 that MISO’s Tariff “unnecessarily restricts competition by preventing electric storage resources from providing all the services that they are technically capable of providing” (EL17-8).

While MISO includes stored energy resources in its regulation market, it does not allow them to participate in the capacity, energy, ramp capability and contingency reserve markets.

The order came in response to Indianapolis Power and Light’s Oct. 21 complaint that the 20-MW battery at its Harding Street Station was capable of performing as a load-modifying resource but that the MISO Tariff prevented its participation. The battery can deliver 5 MW for four continuous hours, according to IPL.

IPL/AES Harding Street Energy Storage - FERC, MISO — Harding Street Energy Storage | *AES*

MISO has until the beginning of April to make Tariff revisions that “accommodate the participation of all electric storage resources, regardless of the technology, in all MISO markets that they are technically capable of participating in, taking into account their unique physical and operational characteristics,” FERC said.

The RTO had asked for IPL’s complaint to be dismissed, saying it was working with stakeholders on new storage definitions. It also cited FERC’s Nov. 15 rulemaking that would require RTOs to remove barriers to entry (RM16-23, AD16-20). (See MISO Asks FERC to Dismiss IPL Storage Complaint.)

Storage NOPR

FERC said that while the commission’s final rule resulting from the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking could address IPL’s concerns, the company had nevertheless met its burden under Section 206 of the Federal Power Act to demonstrate that the existing Tariff is unjust. The commission also said the final rule from its storage NOPR could take precedence over MISO’s compliance filing.

“In the event that MISO’s Tariff revisions conflict with the required tariff revisions in any final rule resulting from the storage NOPR, MISO may be required to adjust its Tariff to align with the commission’s determinations in that final rule,” FERC explained.

The commission did not find merit in two other grievances contained in IPL’s complaint. The company argued that MISO should have a compensation mechanism for automatic frequency control; the company also claimed that MISO’s dispatch protocols are tailored to flywheel storage only. (See IPL Asks FERC to Force Update to MISO Storage Rules.)

Although FERC said it was aware of the Eastern Interconnection’s declining primary frequency response, it agreed with MISO that it is currently sufficient to meet reliability under NERC’s BAL-003-1 standard.

“We agree with Indianapolis Power that primary frequency response is a critical requirement for interconnected grid operations, and that the Eastern Interconnection has experienced a decline of primary frequency response as compared to historic values,” the commission said. It also said MISO was not discriminating against battery storage, as all other providers of primary frequency response are likewise uncompensated. IPL’s storage facility has been providing MISO with primary frequency response since May.

IPL claimed that MISO’s current storage resource offer parameters would significantly shorten its battery’s life because it would result in a “dispatch of its battery at half-capacity continuously for one hour and then send a negative signal for the following hour to charge.”

But the commission said IPL failed to prove that MISO’s dispatch instructions would harm the battery, saying it “failed to cite to any Tariff provisions or business practice manuals that support this claim.”

FERC said MISO has previously informed IPL that while the Tariff requires a regulation resource “to be available for 60 minutes to provide regulation service, the actual market clearing and deployment will not cause the resource to be charged for one hour and then be discharged for one hour.”

IPL Responds

Lin Franks, IPL’s senior strategist for RTO, FERC and compliance initiatives, said that while the commission’s order did not grant the company’s request to be paid for “essential” primary frequency response, the commission has already made frequency response service a condition of interconnection with the grid in last year’s RM16-6 rulemaking. Franks said she expected additional industry discussion on the topic as resource mixes shift further and battery benefits become more “universally understood.”

“Our hope is to bring awareness of both the benefits of lithium ion battery storage and [its] regulatory challenges,” she said.

Franks said IPL will continue to promote the benefits of battery storage. “Technological advances in this field happen rapidly [and] understanding benefits and the regulatory changes needed to realize all these benefits can take years,” she added.

February 5, 2017

CAISO Gets Breathing Room on EIM Intertie Bidding from FERC

By Robert Mullin

FERC last week said it will give CAISO more time to address its concerns over intertie bidding at the borders of the Western Energy Imbalance Market (EIM).

The commission last June rejected the ISO’s proposal to prohibit EIM participants from implementing economic bidding at the market’s external interties until the ISO could develop “appropriate rules and procedures” to manage the transactions. (See FERC Order Prods CAISO to Allow EIM Intertie Bidding.)

While last year’s decision acknowledged that CAISO had “identified issues that warrant further evaluation,” the commission said the ISO had not “sufficiently described” those issues. “As an initial matter, we find it inappropriate for CAISO to include in its Tariff an indefinite placeholder,” the commission wrote, referring to the ISO’s failure to propose a timeline for resolving the issue.

No ‘Plug and Play’

eim caiso intertie bidding — CAISO is attempting to address the concerns of Western market participants outside the EIM who complain that the EIM has disrupted the bilateral transactions that still predominate in the WECC. | *WECC*

But the commission’s Jan. 31 order was sympathetic to the position of the ISO and other EIM participants, who have maintained that there is no “easy plug-and-play format” for intertie bidding that each participant could adapt to manage transactions at the borders of their balancing authority areas. Although the commission urged ISO officials to continue efforts to increase competition within the EIM, the order failed to impose a timeline for adopting new rules (ER16-1518).

“We’ll have to sit down with our legal counsel and decide how we’re going to respond to the order. … It looks like FERC was generally in agreement with how we proposed to proceed with these issues, which I think are reflective in our [2017 policy initiatives] roadmap as well,” Greg Cook, the ISO’s director of market and infrastructure policy, said during a Feb. 2 meeting of the EIM governing body.

The order comes three months after CAISO, EIM participants and Western power sector participants opposed to the prohibition hashed out their views at a technical conference convened by FERC. (See Foes Narrow Differences at FERC Summit on EIM Bidding.)

At the conference, Mark Rothleder, the ISO’s vice president of market quality and renewable integration, summed up the perspective of existing EIM participants: “We must be careful not to impose requirements that degrade the fundamental design elements of the Energy Imbalance Market that could ultimately unravel the benefits the Western market is experiencing.”

Commissioners appeared to be largely swayed by the ISO’s reservations about moving too quickly toward producing a solution.

“We recognize that implementation of bidding at the EIM external interties may pose challenges for CAISO and the EIM entities,” the commission said. “We encourage CAISO and the EIM entities to eliminate barriers to greater EIM participation and to provide opportunities for increased competition within the EIM.”

Scheduling Bilateral Transactions

The commission also recognized the grievances of the Western Power Trading Forum and others who say they’ve been experiencing challenges in scheduling bilateral transactions into the EIM area since the roll out of the market. They are seeking another form of participation not available in current CAISO and EIM member tariffs.

The Public Generating Pool, which represents 10 municipal utilities in Oregon and Washington, suggested CAISO create rules allowing its hydro-rich members — which control little transmission and have modest budgets — to have access to the market through resource aggregation and a system of “appropriate” administrative costs.

The Public Generating Pool — which represents 10 hydro-rich municipal utilities in Oregon and Washington — has suggested that CAISO amend its EIM rules to allow non-members to bid at the market’s borders for an “appropriate” administrative fee that falls short of the full membership cost. | *Leaburg Dam photo courtesy of Eugene Water Electric Board*

While the order directs FERC staff to monitor CAISO’s efforts on the issue and requires the ISO to provide updates, it largely leaves the ball in ISO’s court by not setting a specific deadline for the grid operator to develop a solution.

“We understand that these issues may not have simple solutions, and that CAISO has many stakeholder initiatives that it must prioritize in order to make the best use of its and its stakeholders’ limited resources,” the commission said.

Still, the commission was favorably impressed that the ISO included in its 2017 Draft Final Policy Initiatives Roadmap initiatives designed to address some of the concerns raise by those seeking broader access to the energy market.

Key among them: a proposal to better align EIM base schedules with bilateral schedules at the seams of the market.

“That was a clear issue that came out of the FERC technical conference — where being able to provide some kind of mechanism for those bilateral schedules to manage the congestion risk going into or through EIM areas was a very important issue for a lot of market participants,” Cook said.

The commission said “we appreciate CAISO’s efforts thus far to address these issues” and encouraged the ISO to work with energy market participants to find way to reduce barriers to market participation.

“We believe CAISO and its stakeholders are in the best position to work through these issues at this time,” the commission said.

February 5, 2017

FERC OKs CAISO Frequency Response Contract Terms

By Robert Mullin

FERC last week clarified that it would allow CAISO contracts for transferred frequency response service to include a provision recognizing that counterparties could fulfill the agreements based on an annual measure of performance rather than a case-by-case accounting of responses to frequency disturbance events.

In the same order, the commission rejected a rehearing request by the Western Power Trading Forum (WPTF) and NRG Energy that challenged the fairness of the process by which the contracts were procured (ER16-1483).

ferc caiso frequency response — FERC’s clarification on CAISO’s transferred frequency response contract terms clears the way for the ISO’s agreements with the Bonneville Power Administration and Seattle City Light. | © *RTO Insider*

FERC last month approved ISO frequency response contracts with the Bonneville Power Authority and Seattle City Light, both of which were contingent on the outcome of the commission’s clarification. (See FERC Accepts CAISO Contracts for Imported Frequency Response.)

CAISO filed a request for clarification after the commission last September approved the ISO’s Tariff authority to procure transferred frequency response from another balancing authority area (BAA). The ISO sought the authority in an effort to comply with NERC reliability standard BAL-003-1.1, which requires all grid operators to carry enough capability to respond to a disturbance.

In that order, the commission stated that the CAISO contracts must result in a counterparty actually providing the ISO with frequency response service and not simply be “an arrangement for counterparties to transfer a regulatory obligation by means of bookkeeping entries.”

The ISO sought more clarity from the commission on that point, contending that contract counterparties could interpret the decision as requiring them to have a net actual interchange measure in response to every single frequency disturbance event.

“Such a requirement would make it virtually impossible for the CAISO to contract for transferred frequency response quantities because balancing authorities cannot assure such a measure in response to every disturbance event,” the ISO said in its request.

CAISO contended that the transferred frequency response performance of a counterparty BAA should not be tied to each disturbance because compliance with the NERC standard itself is not based on performance in connection with a single event.

Powerex, which also sought clarification on the order, backed the ISO, holding that a BAA is able to meet the BAL-003-1.1 obligation through a median measurement of performance across all identified disturbance events during a compliance year.

The commission agreed with those arguments, acknowledging that “NERC determined that the degree of variability in observed frequency response performance values limits the usefulness of imposing a single event-based compliance measure” on BAAs.

“In directing CAISO to revise its tariff to state that it ‘cannot claim on a compliance form that it has received, or that the counterparty has transferred, more frequency response performance than the counterparty has produced,’ the commission did not intend to require BAs to achieve a specific net actual interchange measure for each disturbance event to support transferred frequency response contracts,” the commission said.

The commission rejected the contention by WPTF and NRG that it acted “arbitrarily and capriciously” in determining that the product category of transferred frequency response — the notion of which was introduced by the BAL-003-1.1 standard — consists of both compliance reporting rights and the physical delivery of primary frequency response service.

Under the contracts, the commission noted, CAISO would be acquiring both the reporting rights and the frequency response service, which would act as an “insurance policy” for the ISO in meeting its obligation.

“Contrary to NRG and WPTF’s characterization of the Sept. 16 order as stating that ‘generators are incapable of bidding to provide a physical product to the CAISO,’ the Sept. 16 order determined that generators and BAs are differently situated due to the unique nature of BAs’ BAL-003-1.1 compliance obligations,” the commission said.

The commission said that NRG and WPTF’s argument that BAAs might be circumventing competition provisions set out in FERC Order 888 by bundling service from their generators into transferred frequency response was beyond the scope of the proceeding.

FERC also declined to entertain a WPTF proposal to increase the size of the frequency response market by allowing generators to compete, saying that the issue before the commission was to determine whether the proposed CAISO contracts are just and reasonable “and not whether the proposal is more or less reasonable than other proposed alternatives.”

CAISO late last year launched a stakeholder initiative to develop a market mechanism for acquiring primary frequency response service. (See CAISO Seeks Primary Frequency Response Market.)

February 5, 2017

CAISO: Don’t Lean on EIM for Capacity

By Robert Mullin

Participants in the Western Energy Imbalance Market (EIM) should not rely on it to reduce their capacity requirements, a CAISO official cautioned last week.

Mark Rothleder, CAISO’s vice president for market quality and renewable integration, made the comment when probed on the issue during a Feb. 1 meeting of the EIM’s governing body.

Rothleder shared his views in response to a question by Dan Williams, CAISO markets analyst with Portland General Electric, which is slated to join the market in October. “We often hear about the interplay between planning capacity — to be able to stand alone as an EIM entity or as a balancing authority — versus what happens in real time in the optimization benefits that we get,” Williams said.

Williams wanted to learn more about how the EIM influences how existing participants view their long-term flexible resource needs as a model “for how the rest of us are starting to look at that as well.” “Flexible” resources are those equipped to respond to variability on the grid stemming from the uneven output of renewable generation.

Rothleder said the question comes up during the ISO’s own resource adequacy process at the California Public Utilities Commission: How does a utility value flexible capacity at the interties to the balancing authority area (BAA) and, more generally, from the EIM?

EIM’s Design

The answer lies in understanding how the EIM was designed and what it is intended to do, Rothleder said.

First: It’s a voluntary market.

Second: The market is built on the idea that each participant maintains responsibility for its own BAA, unlike in a full RTO.

“You put those two things together and I think you get to the point where the balancing area, in order to maintain their reliability, can’t rely on EIM to avoid capacity upgrades that they may need to meet their [integrated resource plan], resource adequacy or flexible capacity needs,” Rothleder said.

Any participant that leans too heavily on the market for reliability needs puts itself at risk because the market is oriented toward short-term resource sufficiency. The market penalizes those participants that come into an hour short of resources.

“If you fail those [short-term sufficiency] tests, you basically are isolated and you stand alone, and at that point you have to rely on your own flexibility and capacity,” Rothleder said. “You are not able to rely on the rest of the Energy Imbalance Market.”

caiso eim capacity — Graph shows the frequency of flexible ramping sufficiency test failures for APS during the fourth quarter. Failure of the test ahead of an operating hour puts an EIM participant at risk of being isolated from the market during the interval, requiring it to draw on only its own resources to meet ramping needs. | *CAISO*

The EIM is designed to ensure that participants come into the market with adequate resources while benefiting from the economic efficiencies of intra-hour dispatch. “But you don’t necessarily get the benefit of avoiding long-term capacity,” Rothleder said.

EIM vs. ISO

That’s the difference between the EIM and full participation in the ISO. “Under full participation, those types of issues — long-term capacity, long-term resource adequacy — become subsumed under the umbrella of the footprint of the integrated balancing area,” Rothleder said. “Then you can deal with those things.”

Rothleder pointed out that studies quantifying the benefits of the EIM have addressed only short-term efficiency, not long-term capacity.

EIM governing body member Doug Howe pressed Rothleder on the issue. “You said the benefits of EIM don’t include the value of avoided capacity costs, but that’s not to say that there isn’t avoided capacity costs in the EIM,” Howe said. “Am I correct?”

Rothleder responded that getting credit for EIM-based capacity would come down to a “judgment call” between the participant and its state utility commission. And he also pointed to the risks of taking that approach.

“Do you now avoid getting flexible capacity in the area and setting up your own sufficiency?” Rothleder said. “Because if you do that, you run the increased risk of coming in short. And if you’re short, you’ve got to be able to manage those variabilities on your own.”

Governing body member Carl Linvill pointed out that EIM members have touted the market’s contribution to improving their own knowledge of their systems and ability to optimize processes. “It seems to me that speaks to some flexibility benefit associated with onboarding” with the EIM, Linvill said.

The improvements associated with transitioning from manual to the EIM’s automated dispatch would still be considered short-term benefits, Rothleder said.

Linvill asked whether EIM members could reduce their reserve margins after participating in the market over a period of time.

Reserve margins are generally tied to peak load, which doesn’t change with the EIM, Rothleder said.

“Can they factor in other things? Potentially,” he added. “But I think that becomes a real judgement call to rely on the EIM, so I can’t speak to that.”

CAISO CEO Steve Berberich said the issue pointed to the limitations of the EIM.

“This is one of the benefits of a fully integrated market: You get capacity benefits,” Berberich said. “You don’t get capacity benefits in the Energy Imbalance Market — and I’ll just leave it at that.”