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November 5, 2024

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DOE Awards $90 Million for More Efficient, Resilient Building Codes

Only about one in three state and local jurisdictions across the U.S. have adopted the most recent ― meaning the most energy-efficient and resilient ― building performance standards, and the Department of Energy on Wednesday announced $90 million in grants to help some of the other two-thirds get up to code.

Funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the awards are going to 27 projects across 26 states and Washington, D.C., “to ensure buildings meet the latest standards for energy efficiency,” according to the DOE announcement. “Modernizing energy codes is one of the most cost-effective ways to improve energy efficiency in homes and businesses and make communities more resilient to extreme weather events.”

The list of awardees range from organizations such as the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), which will establish a National Building Codes Collaborative, to the University of Cincinnati, which will study cost-effective ways for Ohio’s large cities to design and implement efficient, equitable building codes.

Grants range from $1 million to ACEEE’s $9.6 million.

“Cutting emissions from buildings across America and ensuring they’re more energy efficient are critical components of President Biden’s plan to tackle the climate crisis and create cleaner, healthier communities,” Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said in the announcement.

The announcement comes as temperatures climbed into triple digits — and excessive heat warnings and watches were issued — in the Southwest, Texas and southern Florida.

According to DOE, the U.S. has about 130 million commercial and residential buildings that are responsible for 35% of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions. The most recent building code — the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) issued by the International Code Council — has been adopted by only five states, according to DOE’s Building Energy Codes Program: Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, California and Washington.

Half of the states are using codes that are more than 10 years old. The code is updated every three years, and work is underway on the version to be released in 2024.

An additional eight states are home-rule states, which have no statewide building codes; local jurisdictions determine what building codes are adopted. For example, in Colorado, Denver has adopted a “green” code that encourages energy-efficient, emission-cutting design and construction.

The impact of adopting more efficient codes can be significant. Homes built to current code are 40% more efficient than those built 15 years ago, DOE said. The department estimates that modernizing building codes across the country could save consumers $138 billion through 2040 while cutting GHG emissions by 900 million metric tons.

National Building Code Collaborative

Based on the list of awardees, the DOE funding is targeting regional and collaborative efforts with the potential to create replicable models that can be used in other jurisdictions.

ACEEE is working with the National Association of State Energy Officials and the Urban Sustainability Directors Network to establish the National Building Codes Collaborative, said Amber Wood, director of building programs.

“The big overarching view is that we intend the collaborative to basically … have webinars and technical assistance sessions where anyone and everyone is welcome,” Wood said in an interview with NetZero Insider. The goal, she said, is “advancing building energy codes … so we’re talking about new buildings as well as increasingly talking about building performance standards for existing buildings.”

In addition, ACEEE will be working directly with four states where the organization will provide staff “to help advance their energy code and build capacity,” she said. The states include home-rule state Colorado; Louisiana and Michigan, both of which have not updated their codes since the 2009 version of the IECC; and New Jersey, which has adopted the 2021 IECC but is getting ready for the 2024 update.

Wood says the roadblocks to building code updates may vary across states. “It depends on … how the legislation is set up. Is there opportunity to advance it?” she asked. “There’s obviously a lot of impact if you can get a whole state to go to a higher energy code, but there’s also a question of, can you get the localities to do that as well? How do you support both state and local jurisdictions to do this?”

Wood also pointed to the other benefits of updated building codes, such as public health, comfort and resilience. “Energy efficiency and decarbonization are extremely important, [but] that doesn’t resonate with everybody,” she said. “So how can we talk about some of the real benefits that maybe can hit a broader audience?”

Energy-efficiency ‘Circuit Riders’

On a smaller scale, ClearlyEnergy, a software firm in Severna Park, Md., will receive $2.9 million to create “regional cohorts” that will work together to adopt building performance standards and energy-efficiency programs, with a special focus on small, rural and environmental justice communities.

The company has developed software that allows small towns or other jurisdictions to digitize compliance with building performance standards, making it easier for building owners to provide their data, said Carolyn Sarno Goldthwaite, vice president of customer engagement.

The company is helping D.C. implement its building performance standards and is also partnering with agencies in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, which will be setting up their own regional cohorts, she said.

The cohorts “will help small, rural, underserved communities set up and establish both benchmarking [and] building performance standards,” Goldthwaite said. “Oftentimes, jurisdictions don’t have enough staffing to manage these policies, so they don’t adopt them, and so our cohort approach is that they can leverage one another, and they can set up a regional framework [that] all jurisdictions could use.”

ClearlyEnergy will also be providing on-the-ground technical support in the form of building performance standards “circuit riders”: traveling staff who will “help building owners understand how they can reduce their energy consumption in their buildings,” Goldthwaite said.

“We don’t want them just to adopt a policy and have this tool. We want to make sure we’re supporting them to actually do the energy reductions within those buildings.”

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Federal Plans to Electrify Highway Corridors Advancing

A five-year, $5 billion effort to establish a nationwide network of public EV chargers along designated highway corridors is pushing ahead as planned, according to a report on the first year of the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program.

The effort, launched in February 2022, required states to file their EV charging plans by Aug. 1, 2022, a relatively quick turnaround.

The Joint Office of Energy and Transportation received all 52 state plans by the deadline and the Federal Highway Administration approved them within two months, “unlocking $1.5 billion in funding for states to begin building charging stations through the NEVI formula program,” the report said. (See States File Plans on Deadline for EV Charging Funds.)

(The Joint Office was created through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law in 2021 to foster collaboration between the Department of Energy and Department of Transportation.)

The largest recipients of the $1.5 billion funding in 2022/23 were Texas, which received $147 million, and California, which was awarded $138.5 million.

The Joint Office’s analysis showed that “most states already have adequate funding to become ‘fully built out,’” with EV chargers every 50 miles along 75,000 miles of designated alternative fuel corridors. Those corridors include 92% of the nation’s 48,000 miles of interstate highways and a third of the 230,000-mile National Highway System.

“Once fully built out, up to $3.5 billion in funding could be available for EV charging beyond designated corridors,” the report said.

As of March, 679 charging stations in the corridors met NEVI requirements for distance between stations and had sufficient charging ports and capacity, the report said.

The multi-year effort still has room for improvement in the areas of procurement, station siting, cybersecurity, program evaluation and community engagement, it said.

“These topics will be emphasized in technical assistance provided by the Joint Office,” it said.

Among the issues still to be worked out is the type of chargers required at NEVI sites.

There has been increasing concern that the North American Charging Standard (NACS) connectors used by Tesla are quickly becoming the national standard while federal NEVI guidance requires charging stations to be equipped with the rival combined charging system (CCS) connectors. (See EV Charging Efforts Ramp up on West Coast.)

In the past two months, automakers including Ford, General Motors, Mercedes, Rivian and Volvo have announced they plan to adopt Tesla’s NACS connector as Tesla begins opening its Supercharger network to non-Tesla vehicles.

Another question is how the U.S. will install the vast number of chargers needed to support a switch to electric vehicles.

While NEVI’s $5 billion is meant to jump-start the effort, a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimated that the U.S. needs 1.2 million public charging stations to support 33 million light-duty vehicles by 2030, the report noted. That will require 28 million charging ports, both public and private, and cumulative investments of $53 billion to $127 billion, it said.

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NERC FAC Approves Transfer Study Funding

In a special meeting Wednesday, NERC’s Finance and Audit Committee agreed to a preliminary plan that will allow the organization to fund a two-year study on interregional power transfer capability ordered by Congress last month.

Congress mandated that the ERO perform the study as part of the Fiscal Responsibility Act. (See Lawmakers, White House Promise More Work on Permitting After Debt Deal.) The FRA requires that NERC, in consultation with the regional entities, deliver to FERC by December 2024 a study that examines:

    • The current total transfer capability between each pair of neighboring transmission planning regions;
    • Recommendations of “prudent additions” to total transfer capability that could strengthen grid reliability; and
    • Recommendations to meet and maintain total transfer capability together with such recommended additions.

The FAC’s approval of the plan means the ERO will not have to order a special assessment to pay for the part of the study’s costs that will be incurred this year if FERC agrees to the proposal, which is required because it calls for drawing from NERC’s financial reserves. Staff said they intend to submit the plan to FERC by the end of this week.

Speakers at Wednesday’s meeting acknowledged that Congress’ order would force NERC to defer some projects and planned hiring for 2023 and 2024. At the same time, NERC CEO Jim Robb expressed pride that the ERO had been chosen to conduct a study he called “unprecedented” due to its scope and called NERC “the ideal organization to be conducting this assessment.”

“I think the reason this came to NERC is that we’ve had a long history of highlighting the need for more infrastructure, including transmission and … natural gas pipelines, in all of our reliability assessments, and our independent voice for reliability … is very, very important here,” Robb said. “This challenge is only going to grow if we don’t address it in a timely, well-thought-out manner, and in conjunction with the work that we’ve been asked to do on extreme weather and environmental conditions. It all needs to be pulled together.”

NERC staff presented a phased approach to the interregional transfer study at the FAC meeting. Currently the ERO is in “Phase 0,” or preparation for the study; if FERC approves its spending plan, then Phase 1 can begin by Aug. 15. | NERC

The project is in what NERC staff called “Phase 0,” for defining the study scope, assumptions and scenarios. Phase 1 — when the ERO and its partners will identify areas with deficient and surplus generation, perform the transfer capability analysis and identify thermal, voltage and stability limits — could begin as early as next month if FERC grants approval. NERC hopes to produce its draft recommendations by next August.

According to the resource plan presented Wednesday, NERC will need to hire four technical staff members — a project manager, an engineering manager and two engineers — along with a communications professional. Also, outside consultants will be required to provide “executive leadership” and public affairs support, along with helping perform the study itself.

Paying for the study will require revising NERC’s 2024 business plan and budget, a draft of which the ERO published before Congress passed the FRA. (See Personnel, Meeting Costs Drive 2024 ERO Budget Hikes.) CFO Andy Sharp told attendees the study’s effect on the 2024 budget and assessment still is being evaluated but that the FAC should be ready to provide an updated budget to the Board of Trustees at its meeting in Ottawa next month.

To cover the costs of the study this year, NERC has reprioritized its 2023 work plan to free up its cash flow. This includes deferring several projects planned for this year, including a special assessment on new and evolving electric market practices and studies on geomagnetic disturbances, cybersecurity risks and environmental impacts. NERC also will defer until 2024 plans to fill three open positions in bulk power system awareness, engineering and security, and standards.

However, Mark Lauby, NERC’s senior vice president and chief engineer, assured listeners the organization would work to minimize the effects of these changes by incorporating some of the work of the deferred projects into other work areas. For example, Lauby said some of the planned assessment on market practices can be captured in NERC’s Long-Term Reliability Assessment this year, while other aspects of the assessment can be incorporated into the transfer study itself.

After deferring these costs, NERC estimates it will need an additional $700,000 to pay the estimated study costs this year. Sharp said the organization intends to draw the money from its Assessment Stabilization Reserve (ASR), which stood at $3.3 million at the end of 2022. Funding the study from the reserve, coupled with the deferred work, means NERC will not need to call for a special assessment in 2023.

The proposal drew unanimous approval from FAC members, with Trustee Bob Clarke calling the use of the ASR “a very appropriate [and] creative way to … use the funds that we have available” to minimize the impact on registered entities this year.

Trustee Sue Kelly concurred with Clarke, adding that using the ASR was especially appropriate because the reserve is funded by penalties on U.S. entities. Therefore, tapping these funds would “mute the impact on our Canadian brothers and sisters,” which seemed fair because the study was ordered by the U.S. government without Canada’s involvement.

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AEU Webinar Examines Ways to Get to ‘YIMBY’ for Transmission

Transmission projects often run into local opposition, but that can be turned into support if communities are approached early in the process and even invited to earn money off lines that go through them, according to speakers on an Advanced Energy United webinar Wednesday.

One example of a transmission project working with a local community was Southern California Edison’s West of Devers project that sought to upgrade a 50-year-old transmission line to bring in more renewable power to SCE’s customers from the east, said former FERC Commissioner Suedeen Kelly, now a partner at Jenner & Block.

The old transmission line went through tribal land of the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, who live near Palm Springs. The old line had a right of way that expired early in the last decade, which the utility needed to expand in terms of its geographic footprint, as well to upgrade the line from 230 kV to 345 kV.

“Now, the interesting thing is that there is no power of eminent domain on tribal lands,” Kelly said. “This was a situation that started with some tension. The tribe had only been paid a minimal amount of money — less than $100/year for this old right of way. And they didn’t feel at all warm and fuzzy about extending the right of way, either in time or in width.”

SCE reached out to tribal leadership to come to a mutually beneficial agreement, which wound up with the tribe becoming its partner in the development, investing $400 million for half of the project and earning returns on it through a new company called Morongo Transmission.

“The benefits were extraordinary to this joint venture,” Kelly said. “If Morongo had not agreed to the right of way, it would have meant rerouting the transmission line around the reservation at a cost of over $500 million. And it would have taken eight more years to get this transmission line between California and Arizona into place.”

The deal helped the line move forward, benefiting SCE’s customers and helping to implement California’s policy of growing renewable energy, while turning what had been a combative relationship into a collaborative partnership, she added.

FERC approved Morongo Transmission to collect annual revenue requirements for 30 years to recoup its investment, and those profits will go into tribal coffers to benefit the community, said Kelly. The deal benefited SCE’s other ratepayers because it avoided the costly upgrades and delays of going around their land.

The SCE-Morongo collaboration was based on a model pioneered by Citizens Energy, which was founded by Joseph P. Kennedy II in 1979. The company initially worked on similar deals in the oil industry, which helped low-income customers in New England get cheaper heating fuel. But the firm also has worked in the electric industry for decades and is working on transmission projects in California and the Northeast, said its managing director, Joseph P. Kennedy III. (The father and son are both former members of Congress, and are the son and grandson, respectively, of Robert F. Kennedy.)

“The company was founded over 40 years ago, by my dad, as an innovative nonprofit to help low-income families meet their basic needs,” Kennedy III said. “It is an interesting structure. It’s a nonprofit parent that sits on top of a bunch of different for-profit entities. So, we run it like a proper business: The revenues flow up to a nonprofit parent, and we give a large portion of our revenues away every year [to] communities that we serve to try to meet their needs.”

Citizens’ transmission model carves out part of a utility’s, or merchant developer’s, transmission investment to use for nonprofits that benefit communities impacted by the project. The firm will invest 10 to 20% of a project and use the rate-of-return to cover its costs and turn the rest of the returns over to local uses. The first project for which Citizens used that model was San Diego Gas & Electric’s Sunrise Powerlink, which brought renewable energy from the Imperial Valley to the utility’s territory.

“We now use the profits off of that line, our portion of the profits, to help finance the largest low-income community solar program in the nation,” Kennedy III said, “where 12,000 low-income households in the Imperial Valley get discount solar electricity every year for the next 20-plus years.”

The model holds promise to build the transmission needed to integrate the clean energy while giving local communities that host the infrastructure some tangible benefits, he said.

“It also sets you up not just for the engagement in this project, but it builds those relationships to talk about the next one, and to talk about what the needs of the community are,” Kennedy III said. “And to see, how in fact, we can help leverage this environmental and economic transformation that needs to happen from a national level and a global level to local benefit.”

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Discussion Continues on ISO-NE Capacity Market Changes

New England stakeholders continued discussion on potential changes to ISO-NE’s forward capacity market (FCM), debating the merits of moving to a prompt and seasonal capacity market at the NEPOOL Markets Committee (MC) on Monday.

ISO-NE declined to endorse any specific market changes, but solicited feedback and furthered the discussion on market alternatives initiated at the June Participants Committee meeting (See ISO-NE Considers Major Capacity Market Changes.) The RTO is facing a deadline to figure out how to proceed for the 2028/29 Capacity Commitment Period, the auction for which is scheduled for February 2025.

“By September 2023, ahead of the pre-auction process for FCA [Forward Capacity Auction] 19, the ISO must decide on the timing and scope for CCP19,” Tongxin Zheng, ISO-NE director of advanced technology solutions, told the MC.

For FCA 19, the RTO laid out the options of proceeding with the auction business-as-usual, delaying the auction until 2026 to incorporate the ongoing Resource Capacity Accreditation (RCA) project or delaying the auction until early 2028 while moving to a prompt and seasonal auction.

Looking at the long-term outlook for the region’s capacity market, ISO-NE presented some potential pros and cons of adopting prompt and seasonal market changes. For a prompt market, ISO-NE said the benefits would include improving the accuracy of forecasts, requiring projects to be operational to enter the auction and eliminating several “challenging elements of auction administration,” such as non-commercial financial assurance and annual reconfiguration auctions.

“A prompt construct can improve the accuracy by which we estimate resource adequacy (demand) and resource accreditation (supply) relative to the current forward construct,” ISO-NE said. “However, the potential improvements are a function of what ‘prompt’ means in practice.”

Meanwhile, ISO-NE said it anticipates some drawbacks inherent to moving to a prompt market. These include making auction results less important for the long-term entry and exit decisions of generators, increasing capacity price volatility and giving less time for the RTO and market participants to react to the auction’s outcomes.

Pete Fuller of Autumn Lane Energy Consulting told RTO Insider that new changes must consider impacts on new resources, especially within the context of the clean energy transition.

“In the current debate about a prompt capacity market, we should think very carefully about whether a prompt market will support the level and kinds of new entry that will be needed for the decarbonization transition as state-backed contracting is phased out,” Fuller said, noting that the current FCM was designed to help provide new entrants with some degree of price certainty several years out.

“While current practice in the region relies much more heavily on state-backed contracts for entry decisions (particularly for offshore wind projects) than on the markets, that may not always be the case, as suggested by Massachusetts’ recent work to explore the Forward Clean Energy Market concept,” Fuller added (See New England Stakeholders Discuss Clean Energy Market Mechanisms.)

Some stakeholders, however, view the lack of a years-in-advance capacity commitment requirement as a benefit for developing new projects.

“The uncertain development timeframes for a growing share of new resources, including offshore wind, causes the FCM to create inefficient financial risk for new resources that may become an economic barrier for new investment,” said Pallas LeeVanSchaick of Potomac Economics.

LeeVanSchaick also said the current FCM structure can push some existing units to retire earlier than they should.

For older, existing units, “unexpected issues such as significant equipment failure can compel them to buy back their capacity supply obligation at great cost and this risk may cause some resources to retire prematurely,” LeeVanSchaick said. “A prompt market facilitates more efficient retirement decisions because the uncertainty regarding the condition and availability of older units is much lower at the time of the auction.”

Under the current system, many older resources will simply run until something breaks, instead of scheduling the retirement in an orderly fashion, said Brett Kruse of Calpine.

“Some owners will operate the generator only during very high-priced periods until the unit or a major component has a major maintenance issue, and then they’ll decide that it does not make financial sense to allocate sufficient capital to repair the plant,” Kruse said. “They’ll just retire it, and that’s likely to be the way that most of the older plants eventually exit the market.”

ISO-NE has put forward a prompt market and a seasonal market as complimentary, but has not ruled out any options, including implementing just one of the two major changes.

Contemplating the benefits of a seasonal market, ISO-NE said a seasonal market could help the RTO do a better job modeling resource constraints and would allow suppliers to make offers reflecting their differing seasonal capabilities.

“A seasonal construct would allow for a more precise delineation of resource adequacy and resource accreditation values within a given annual delivery period,” ISO-NE said.

The RTO also asked stakeholders for input on whether it would be best to run seasonal auctions sequentially or concurrently. Kruse said that holding an integrated annual seasonal auction would help generators ensure adequate annual revenue.

“It’s important that the seasons, whether it is two or four, together provide sufficient annual capacity revenue to generators regardless of their seasonal value,” Kruse said. “Plant staffs, maintenance expenses and so forth are annual costs, so the totality of the seasons need to total up much like today’s annual market does, and having an integrated, annual view once a year for all seasons makes sense.”

DASI approval

The MC also recommended the approval of ISO-NE’s Day-Ahead Ancillary Services Initiative, which is intended to fill any energy gaps between the supply procured in ISO-NE’s day-ahead market and the RTO’s forecast real-time load (See ISO-NE Plans 2025 Launch for Day-Ahead Ancillary Services Initiative.) The initiative will go to the NEPOOL Participants Committee for a vote on Aug. 3.

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NYISO Discovers Market Problem, Opens Confidential Investigation

NYISO has identified a software issue that potentially constitutes a market problem and will investigate the impact, according to an email the ISO sent to market participants Tuesday night.

In the email, which was obtained by RTO Insider, NYISO said it “is conducting a confidential investigation into the issue” and that it “will inform market participants as soon as practicable after resolution of the underlying issue.”

Shaun Johnson, NYISO director of market mitigation and analysis, addressed stakeholder questions about the notice during a Wednesday meeting of the ISO’s Business Issues Committee.

Johnson said the ISO will label the investigation as “confidential” but does not expect it to be a “long-term” one.

The “expectation is that this issue will be addressed soon, and we will provide more information to the marketplace as soon as possible,” he said. He referred anyone interested in learning more about the procedures for reporting market problems to Section 3.5.1 of NYISO’s market services tariff.

Johnson said he was reluctant to divulge too much information for fear of any parties “gaming or creating harmful outcomes to the NYISO markets,” but sought to answer questions from those curious about the nature, timing and impact of the problem.

In response to a question from Mark Younger, president of Hudson Energy Economics, Johnson said the problem was identified in NYISO’s day-ahead and real-time ancillary services markets.

Andrew Antinori, a director at the New York Power Authority, asked how NYISO determines when an issue is graduated to a potential market problem.

“There’s no bright line or financial threshold, but in order to move from a potential market problem to a market problem, there needs to be a significant impact to market outcomes,” Johnson said.

“We are still in the stages of identifying the exact issue,” he added, “but at this point, it is a potential market problem, and we do not have our arms around the size, scope and impact at this point.”

Bruce Bleiweis, director of market affairs at DC Energy, asked how long the problem has been potentially impacting NYISO markets, and whether it was a “one-day, one-week, one-month or three-year problem.”

Johnson was hesitant to give an exact timeframe but said “it’s certainly been longer than one week and has been a somewhat significant period of time but does not go back several years.” He added later that “as of this morning, the problem has not been resolved.”

Marc Montalvo, CEO of Daymark Energy Advisors, sought clarification on the nature and magnitude of the issue.

Johnson was careful in his response. “There is a definitive issue with NYISO software,” but staff are still unsure “about the extent that issue had on NYISO market systems or will have on those systems,” he said.

However, Johnson made clear that if NYISO finds the issue to be a legitimate problem, then subsequent impact analyses “will glean the extent of the problem and if this was just a defect with little to no impact.”

Antinori and Doreen Saia, an attorney with Greenberg Traurig, asked about NYISO’s interaction with FERC and what, if any, tariff filings may be necessary.

Johnson responded that no tariff waivers or filings are currently necessary but that NYISO staff have been in contact with the commission to keep it appraised of the problem and get its “thoughts and guidance.”

“At this point, we do not expect there to be any need for additional market rules changes or exigent filing with FERC, and the expectation is that this will be resolved with updates to software,” he added.

NYISO must return with an update and more information within 30 days of initial notice, and Johnson said staff plan to return to the Market Issues Working Group meeting either Aug. 3 or 9.

June Market Performance

Also during the BIC meeting, NYISO Senior Vice President Rana Mukerji presented June’s market performance, highlighting how lower fuel prices and cooler temperatures significantly reduced energy prices compared with last year. The month’s locational based marginal pricing was roughly 60% lower than in the same month a year ago.

Mukerji said “fuel prices are at historically low levels” and “natural gas prices are 79% down year-over-year.”

DER Manual Updates

Also, stakeholders unanimously approved multiple distributed energy resource manual updates presented during the BIC meeting.

These updated manuals include revisions that have been discussed over the past year and are part of NYISO’s ongoing work to comply with FERC Order 2222, which required operators to enable DER aggregation market participation and deployment.

The manuals are now moved to the July 20 Operating Committee for approval, and NYISO anticipates the revisions will become effective on the same date as the launch of other tariff and participation models.

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Batteries Multiply in CAISO, Soak up Solar

Batteries connected to CAISO’s grid exceeded a record 5,000 MW this spring, absorbing a significant portion of the abundant solar energy California generates during the day and supporting grid stability on hot summer evenings, the ISO’s Department of Market Monitoring (DMM) said in a Special Report on Battery Storage posted Monday.

Following the blackouts of August 2020, battery storage in CAISO grew rapidly from 500 MW in 2020 to 5,000 MW in May, the report said. (In a separate news release, CAISO said total battery capacity had reached 5,600 on July 1.)

“Battery storage is the fastest-growing type of resource in the CAISO market,” the report said. “As of May 1 … batteries make up 7.6% of CAISO’s nameplate capacity.”

Reaching 5,000 MW means California is about one-tenth of the way toward having the 50 GW of battery storage it needs to reach its 100% clean energy goal by 2045, the DMM noted.

Battery charging accounted for 5% of load during peak solar hours in the middle of the day last year, the Market Monitor said.

“During these hours, batteries help reduce the need to curtail or export surplus solar energy at very low prices,” it said.

The batteries “provided valuable net peak capacity and energy” during a September 2022 heat wave that set demand records across the West and brought CAISO to the brink of ordering rolling blackouts, DMM said. (See California Runs on Fumes but Avoids Blackouts.)

Batteries provided 2.4% of output in CAISO from 5 to 9 p.m. from Aug. 31 to Sept. 9 last year during the extended heat wave, the report said.

On Sept. 6, the day when CAISO nearly ordered rolling blackouts, some batteries discharged earlier than expected because of prices that exceeded $1,000/MWh before the evening net peak, after solar drops offline. But generally, “a minimum state-of-charge constraint was used by operators to ensure the availability of batteries in peak net demand hours on most days during the 2022 summer heat wave,” DMM said.

CAISO adopted its minimum state-of-charge requirement as part of its summer 2021 readiness measures to ensure batteries would be available to discharge during hot summer evenings when the grid was most stressed.

In addition, DMM said batteries were frequently issued manual or exceptional dispatches through the 2022 heat wave.

“Most of these exceptional dispatches were to hold charge in anticipation of net peak demand hours,” the report said. “Exceptional dispatches to charge were used largely in response to a software issue that prevented storage resources from bidding to charge at a higher price than $150/MWh, which resulted in those resources not being able to charge even when in merit.”

Battery Fast Facts

The report provided a snapshot of CAISO’s battery fleet as of May:

    • Many of the batteries in CAISO are paired with solar or wind generation and participate in CAISO either as hybrid resources or under a co-located model in which they share an interconnection point. Of the 5,000 MW of batteries connected, 2,200 MW were stand-alone resources, 2,000 MW were co-located, 700 MW were part of hybrid resources and 100 MW were part of co-located hybrids.
    • The size of active batteries ranges from 1 to 260 MW, with most in the lower-to-mid ranges. They typically can discharge for up to four hours.
    • A majority of the projects in CAISO’s interconnection queue also have a proposed battery component.
    • CAISO’s interstate Western Energy Imbalance Market has also been adding storage. As of May 1, 20 non-CAISO battery storage resources were participating in the WEIM, with roughly 1,000 MW of discharge capacity. “In comparison, WEIM battery capacity totaled 286 MW in December 2022,” the report said.
    • Batteries now provide over half of CAISO’s regulation up and down requirements.
    • Net revenue for batteries rose from about $73/kW-year in 2021 to $103/kW-year in 2022, driven largely by higher peak energy prices.
    • Bid cost recovery (BCR) payments for batteries increased significantly in 2022, accounting for 10% of BCR paid to all resources, while batteries made up just 5% of total capacity. The payments represented 7.6% of all battery revenues last year, although the DMM expects a portion to be rescinded because of a market rule change made last November.
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DeSantis Rejects $346 Million in IRA Energy Efficiency Funds

Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) looks to be ramping up his 2024 presidential campaign by rejecting a growing list of federal and state clean energy initiatives.

Last month, the governor used a line-item veto to turn down a $5 million federal grant that would have allowed Florida to hire and train staff to administer $346 million from the Inflation Reduction Act. The money would have provided rebates to consumers for a range of energy-efficient home upgrades, according to a report from Bloomberg News.

The line-item veto was part of a package of funding cuts DeSantis made in the state budget on June 15. In letters sent to the U.S. Department of Energy on June 19, Brooks Rumenik, executive director of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services’ Office of Energy, said the state was “respectfully” withdrawing its applications for the grants, as reported by The Capitolist, a website covering Florida news and politics.

Earlier this month, DeSantis vetoed a bill (SB 284) that would have triggered widespread electrification of vehicles owned by state and local government agencies. The bill, which passed both houses in the Florida Legislature with overwhelming bipartisan support, would have required state and local governments to base vehicle purchases on overall cost of ownership rather than fuel efficiency, as reported by the Orlando Sentinel.

While electric vehicles are more expensive to purchase, their costs for fuel and maintenance are lower than gas-powered cars. Savings from electrifying state and local government fleets were projected to be $277 million, according to estimates from Advanced Energy United.

DeSantis’ critics framed both actions as purely political, criticizing the governor for putting his presidential ambitions ahead of the state’s consumers, who are currently under an extreme heat watch.

The rejected energy efficiency funding would “directly benefit homeowners and renters, and these rebates mean that people in Florida would get lower utility [bills] and healthier and more comfortable homes, as well as lower greenhouse gas emissions,” said Lowell Ungar, director of federal policy for the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.

With the SB 284 veto, DeSantis was playing to Iowa voters, said state Rep. Anna Eskamani (D). “The Iowa caucus voters who are all about ethanol don’t see electric vehicles as something that is economically in their favor,” Eskamani told the Sentinel. “DeSantis is catering to his Iowa voters, not passing policy for Floridians.”

The governor’s veto caught many by surprise because of the wide support the bill had from Republicans and the Florida Natural Gas Association.

“It was a common sense, good governance bill. There is nothing in this bill that any person in America should be against,” former state Sen. Jeff Brandes (R) told the Sentinel. However, no efforts have been made to overturn the veto, the Sentinel reported.

Campaign Narratives

DeSantis’ vetoes could play into President Joe Biden’s current effort to shape the campaign narrative by promoting the economic benefits the IRA has brought to Southern states, whose lawmakers voted against the law.

Visiting South Carolina on July 6, Biden noted that since the passage of the IRA, clean energy companies had brought $11 billion in new investment to the state. Inverter manufacturer Enphase Energy is putting $60 million into two new manufacturing lines in the state, and Redwood Materials, a battery recycling company, is investing $3.5 billion in a new plant to be located near Charleston, Biden said.

A White House fact sheet quoted the state’s Republican lawmakers hailing the new investments in clean energy manufacturing, even though they voted against the IRA.

South Carolina and Georgia have drawn the most new clean energy business, according to the American Clean Power Association (ACP), with solar and battery manufacturers flocking to the states. An ACP map tracking new clean energy investments identifies only two in Florida, both expansions of existing facilities. Jinko Solar is expanding a photovoltaic plant in Jacksonville, and General Electric is investing $20 million to build out a plant where it is manufacturing onshore wind turbines.

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NAESB Wrapping up Gas-electric Harmonization Forum

The North American Energy Standards Board (NAESB) is to vote on recommendations to improve coordination between the electric and natural gas industries this week, with plans to send them on to FERC and NERC by the end of the month, a co-chair of the effort said Tuesday.

The NAESB Gas-Electric Harmonization Forum is close to wrapping up the effort, which started in the aftermath of the February 2021 winter storm that left millions without power in Texas for days, forum co-chair Robert Gee said at a press briefing held by the United States Energy Association. (See NAESB Confirms Gas-electric Forum in the Works.)

“We’re coming out with a set of recommendations we’re going to give to NERC and FERC at the end of this month,” said Gee, who runs consulting firm Gee Strategies Group. “Some of them will result in the creation of business standards by NAESB. Others will be policy calls that we’re going to ask FERC and NERC to weigh in on, particularly FERC.”

Then it will be up to the commission, with input from stakeholders in both industries, to carry them out. If they “fail to move the needle” enough, then it might be time for Congress to step in, Gee said, but FERC should be able to make changes that improve coordination between the two increasingly interdependent industries.

Gee and his co-chairs have released a set of strawman recommendations, and other stakeholders have filed comments on those ahead of a conference call set for Thursday. Voting on the recommendations will follow that call before the final package is submitted at the end of the month.

The strawman recommendations include many aimed at improving the two industries’ awareness of what is happening on their respective systems, especially when they are stressed by high demand. They say states with competitive markets should work to ensure that natural gas markets are fully functioning 24/7 in preparation for events when demand is expected to rise sharply for both power and gas. FERC rules already require interstate pipelines to schedule and operate 24/7 to support the wholesale gas market, but the commission would have to step in when state authorities lack the ability to make gas available at all hours during high-demand events.

The recommendations also call on ISO/RTOs to move up the day-ahead scheduling process to better align with the natural gas day and, if not already under consideration, to launch stakeholder processes to consider multiday-ahead scheduling.

FERC and state regulators who oversee competitive energy markets should consider whether market mechanisms are enough to ensure that generators have the needed arrangements to secure firm gas, storage or other ways to mitigate supply shortfalls during cold snaps. If not, then they should consider nonmarket solutions to ensure fuel availability, including funding mechanisms borne or shared by consumers, the recommendations say.

Though even with a firm contract, generators during cold weather events have found that they cannot access natural gas, Gee said.

“We need to revise the system so that the power generators are able to access gas on a contractual basis going into a long weekend — let’s say a three-day weekend, where we’ve had most of these acute shortages occur primarily in the winter — to allow them to access gas when it’s liquid, under terms and conditions which are economically acceptable to them,” Gee said.

Such long weekends exacerbate the guesswork generators do when it comes to buying gas: They might wind up with less than needed, or have to take more, facing costs either way, he added.

“We need to figure out a way to rationalize that process where we can synchronize also and harmonize what’s called the gas day and the electric day, and the contracting practices so that it elevates the power generators’ ability to access fuel during critical peak periods, without having to undertake an unreasonable economic risk in contracting for gas,” Gee said.

FERC has had such gas-electric coordination issues on its plate for years, but it has been able to get by without making major reforms of the industries for more than a decade, he added.

One cooperative in Virginia had signed up for firm natural gas deliveries, but during the December winter storm last year, it did not receive any and was unable to produce power when electric demand was spiking, said National Rural Electric Cooperative Association CEO Jim Matheson.

“There’s not the most obvious answer of where you balance those risks, but it does create more pressure on the electric sector because, at the end of the day, the electric sector is the one supposed to keep the lights on all the time,” Matheson said. “And you’ve got these competing dynamics that don’t always match up as well as you’d like. And particularly in the extreme storm events, that’s where it gets so much more complicated.”

Efforts to better harmonize the two industries and their scheduling practices are definitely needed to improve their performance in the future, he added.

The Electric Power Supply Association weighed in on the strawman proposal, agreeing that demand for electricity and natural gas will continue to rise, especially during cold weather events. Better coordination is important going forward, and the trade group supports using markets to accomplish that.

“Resolving the pain points that have emerged between the gas and electric sectors as they have moved much closer together in securing supply and accessing delivery infrastructure has been and will only grow more essential to meet our nation’s power needs,” CEO Todd Snitchler said in a statement. “EPSA and our members have been deeply engaged in ongoing efforts to address gas-electric coordination, improve reliability and help ensure that consumers and our critical services have access to cost-effective, reliable power at all times. We are optimistic that improvements will be made and hope our recommendations will provide constructive insight to develop durable solutions to this urgent issue.”

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Critical Minerals Sector Meeting Sharply Higher Demand

Demand for minerals critical to solar, battery and other clean energy technologies has doubled in the past five years to reach a value of $320 billion, the International Energy Agency reports.

And the mineral development industry is expanding to meet the increased demand, with a 50% increase in investment in lithium in 2022 alone and large increases in cobalt, copper and nickel mining.

The IEA on Tuesday issued the first of what it plans to be an annual review of the energy transition minerals sector — “Critical Minerals Market Report 2023” — and said the developments behind the data are an important factor in the speed and affordability of clean energy transitions underway around the world.

“We are encouraged by the rapid growth in the market for critical minerals, which are crucial for the world to achieve its energy and climate goals,” IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol said in a news release. “Even so, major challenges remain. Much more needs to be done to ensure supply chains for critical minerals are secure and sustainable.”

IEA analysis indicates that if all critical mineral projects are carried out as planned, supply could meet the demand projected under the myriad climate pledges announced by governments worldwide.

But the risk of project delays and technology-specific shortfalls persists, IEA said, and the demand for materials would increase under certain climate-protection scenarios.

Other supply-side challenges include matching supply to demand, diversifying supply sources and maintaining supply in a clean and responsible manner.

Beyond exploration and production capacity, other metrics are a mixed bag in the report:

    • Supplier diversity is not improving — the market share held in 2022 by the top three critical mineral producers is unchanged or even larger than three years earlier.
    • There is uneven progress on ESG practices.
    • Community investment, worker safety and gender balance are improving.
    • Greenhouse gas emissions during production are high and not decreasing.
    • Water use nearly doubled from 2018 to 2021.
    • Delays and cost overruns have been common on past projects.
    • Thin inventory levels limit the ability to cushion supply-chain disruptions.
    • Recent commodity price decreases could cool investment interest in new projects, with strong medium-term implications for the sector.

Also new on the IEA website is an interactive data explorer for 37 critical minerals from arsenic to zirconium that shows the projected demand for them through 2050 under multiple clean energy transition models.

The agency said it would continue to work to drive progress in the critical minerals space, including by bringing stakeholders together at its Critical Minerals and Clean Energy Summit in September.