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November 18, 2024

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NJ Opens Third OSW Solicitation Seeking 4 GW+

New Jersey’s Board of Public Utilities (BPU) voted to open the state’s third offshore wind solicitation Monday with a goal of doubling the state’s wind capacity, paying little heed to the opposition to already approved wind projects along the Jersey Shore.

The unanimous vote launched a solicitation period that will conclude at 5 p.m. on June 23, in what BPU President Joseph L. Fiordaliso said confidently would be “another step forward in making New Jersey the supply chain for offshore wind along the eastern seaboard.”

“There are forces out there who don’t want us to do this. But we’re going to do it,” Fiordaliso said. “Renewables are the wave of the future. And New Jersey, I’m proud to say, is leading the way.”

The solicitation guidance document seeks projects totaling 1.2 GW to 4 GW and adds that the BPU may award projects above or below the target. Applicants must submit a completed application form and an explanation of their project and investment in it, as well as an in-depth analysis of its economic impact on the state. Unlike earlier solicitations, applicants are also required to submit proposals for creating infrastructure to tie their projects and others in the ocean to the grid in New Jersey.

The BPU expects to award projects in the solicitation in the fourth quarter of this year and have them up and running by 2030.  

Seeking Competition

The solicitation comes nearly four years after the board approved its first offshore wind project, the 1.1 GW Ocean Wind, and two years after the approvals of Ocean Wind 2, with a capacity of 1,148 MW, and Atlantic Shores, with a capacity of 1,510 MW. (See NJ Awards Two Offshore Wind Projects).

The three projects, which total 3,758 MW, already are moving ahead. But Ocean Wind 1, because it is the state’s first offshore wind project, has faced the most opposition. Opponents include residents concerned about its impact on their ocean view, the commercial fishing sector, which worries that the turbines will reduce their access to fishing areas, and tourism interests fearful that the sight of wind turbines ten or more miles off the coast will deter visitors.

Most recently, local government officials have cited a spate of nine or so dead whales washing up on New Jersey as a sign that pre-construction sonic testing is potentially having a negative impact on marine life, although federal officials at the Marine Mammal Commission say there is no link in the deaths to any offshore wind work. Some opponents, and the New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel, have urged the state to slow the pace of OSW projects until environmental and other studies are finished, and the true impact of the turbines is known.

Before backing the project, Commissioner Robert Gordon noted the vigorous bidding war for offshore wind contracts in the New York-New Jersey Bight when it was held in February 2022; it resulted in combined bids totaling $4.37 billion. He said he is “very hopeful … that we will see many more applicants entering the market and promoting a more competitive market for offshore wind in New Jersey.” (See Fierce Bidding Pushes NY Bight Auction to $4.37 Billion.)

“What we are seeing today is yet another concrete piece of evidence of New Jersey’s long-term commitment to offshore wind,” he said. He added that the board’s solicitation document should persuade anyone “of our commitment to protecting both the ratepayers and the marine ecosystems off our coast.”

Disappearing Promises

In contrast, Commissioner Dianne Solomon, who also voted to open the solicitation, expressed reservations, especially the potential cost to ratepayers.

“It appears that with every solicitation promises are made that somehow disappear or we learn of increases in costs above and beyond that which we relied upon making our initial awards,” she said. “Now, I certainly understand within an enterprise of the scope and size of offshore wind, that there are bound to be challenges and changes. … But folks are relying on us to make prudent decisions that will forever impact the cost of energy here in New Jersey, not to mention the landscape and waters of our coastline.”

Solomon, noted that the solicitation allows the BPU to award a very large volume of new wind capacity, or none at all. “It is my hope that before the board approves the next project, we will have answers to the valid questions raised,” she said.

Fiordaliso, speaking after Solomon, said that in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, “we’re going to ensure the fact that the commercial fishing industry is protected, that the marine wildlife is protected. And that it’s going to be a boon economically for the state of New Jersey.”

He said that critics expressed similar concerns about the cost of solar power at the start of the century, when the state vigorously developed that sector, and the “cost of solar has greatly diminished.”

Submitting Small and Large Projects

Gov. Phil Murphy in September increased the state’s OSW target capacity from 7.5 GW by 2035 to 11 GW by 2040. A board award of 4 GW in the third solicitation would take the state to approved capacity of 7.58 GW. The state expects to hold three more solicitations, each for 1,200 MW, starting in 2023 and finishing in 2030.

Applicants must state the price ($/MWh) of Offshore Wind Renewable Energy Certificates (ORECs) at which they would complete their proposed project. The OREC price reflects project costs including equipment, construction, financing, operations and maintenance, and taxes, offset by any state or federal tax credits and other subsidies or grants.

The BPU is encouraging applicants to make several submissions, including at least one that will generate only 1.2 GW of energy, and others detailing larger projects.

The submissions must also detail the developers “proposed investment in New Jersey offshore wind infrastructure, supply chain, labor force development, other in-state investments, and how the proposed investment furthers the development of New Jersey as a regional hub for offshore wind.”

The document also demonstrates the state’s desire to maximize economic development, urging applicants to use the state’s infrastructure, such as the New Jersey Wind Port under construction in Salem County.

 “Applicants can further demonstrate commitment to in-state economic development by including incremental supply chain infrastructure as part of the proposed project(s). The state values the opportunity for new Tier 1 manufacturing facilities, specifically for full-scale manufacturing of blades or towers at the New Jersey Wind Port.”

Environmental groups welcomed the solicitation. The state branch of the Sierra Club released a statement, which also was supported by Environment New Jersey, saying the solicitation puts New Jersey at the “vanguard of a new clean, renewable energy industry that will drive workforce development and economic prosperity, shoreline protection, and marine and wildlife preservation.”

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NYISO Previews Capacity Accreditation Modeling Work

NYISO last week briefed the Installed Capacity/Market Issues Working Group on its efforts to improve capacity accreditation by modeling natural gas constraints, special-case resources (SCRs) and correlated derates.

The three projects are intended to produce more accurate capacity accreditation factors and capacity accreditation resource class (CARC) calculations, as well as capture metrics not represented in installed reserve margins (IRMs) and locational capacity requirements (LCRs) in resource adequacy models. (See “Capacity Accreditation Kickoff,” NYISO Presses Onward with DER Revisions; Stakeholders Struggle to Keep up.)

Current models do not identify and quantify natural gas constraints; sufficiently align SCR expected performance and obligations with NYISO’s expectations; nor include attributes like functionally unavailable capacity from generators during peak conditions.

NYISO’s work will involve identifying individual gas-only units’ characteristics and partnering with neighboring RTOs to develop methodologies to better identify and quantify gas pipeline constraints.

Currently IRM/LRM models do not properly reflect SCR performance, so these resources cannot be treated as a separate CARC. NYISO will test different ways to stagger zonal SCR activations in the modeling, as initial analyses showed that doing so lowered loss-of-load expectations.

In response to stakeholder questions, the ISO made a point to note that changes to the design of the SCR program itself are not within the scope of the project.

NYISO will also address potentially over-crediting emergency generators that are functionally unavailable during peak times of high temperatures and humidity, a problem identified by Potomac Economics.

That involves evaluating incorporating water temperature and humidity into IRM/LCR models, as well as assessing whether dependable maximum net capability tests should be updated to better reflect resource adequacy values for capacity-limited resources.

DER Aggregation Registration

NYISO also presented stakeholders proposed updates to the distributed energy resource Aggregation Manual, which detail the requirements developers must follow to successfully register as a DER aggregator.

Along with relevant transmission and data paperwork, prospective aggregators must provide two “operational contacts” whom NYISO can contact at any time for operational support.

The ISO plans to begin accepting registration packets by April 28.

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‘What Did We Do to Deserve This?’

The administrative law judges running an information session on the transmission lines for a wind farm proposed off Long Island had to repeatedly remind callers Thursday that the discussion was about the 11 miles of cable under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Service. Not about a disastrous Ohio train derailment, municipal fiscal management or groundwater contamination at a U.S. Marine Corps base.

The cables for Empire Wind 2 would make landfall in the densely built barrier island community of Long Beach and connect to a substation in nearby Island Park (DPS case number 22-T-0346).

While the moderators struggled to keep the questions within scope, callers on the phone-in session were frustrated by the frequent lack of answers.

DPS staff and Equinor (NYSE:EQNR) officials opened the session with an overview of the review process for the 1.26-GW wind farm proposed by Equinor and BP (NYSE:BP) 15 to 30 miles off Long Beach. The developers began work on the proposal in 2017. They are hoping for federal approvals in early 2024 and state approvals later that year.

It includes three three-core 230-kV HVAC export cables running 7.7 miles in New York state waters; a cable landfall in Long Beach; three single-core export cables running 1.5 miles to a new onshore substation in Island Park; and up to three 345-kV HVAC cables running 1.7 miles from the substation to the point of interconnection — the existing substation at National Grid’s gas-fired E.F. Barrett Generation Station.

The cables would be underwater or underground except for a “cable bridge” crossing a narrow channel of water north of Island Park.

More than 100 people signed in for the virtual presentation. When it was done, several began firing off questions, not about suction hopper dredges or voltages, but about why this was being done to their community, and how bad the effects would be.

One question the residents didn’t ask: What role would the offshore wind turbines play in slowing climate change, which scientific consensus holds is an existential threat to their sea-level community of 35,000 people.

Most written comments submitted so far also have been against the proposal; only one caller Thursday offered support for the project.

Nevertheless, the developer is taking criticism in stride.

“Our projects benefit from input from members of the community in which we work,” Equinor Renewables US spokesperson Lauren Shane told NetZero Insider via email. “We continue to seek, and to receive, feedback from the community in these information sessions as part of our ongoing dialogue with all stakeholders as we progress Empire Wind, a project that will provide renewable energy to over one million New York homes.”

Few Answers

Because of the compartmentalization of the state and federal review processes, some of the questions Thursday did not pertain to the narrow scope of the DPS docket and DPS staff could not answer them. Other questions simply don’t have answers at this point in the process.

The first caller launched into a soliloquy sprinkled with a few questions, including a pointed: “What did we do to deserve this?” Another caller noted that other projects by the same developers — Beacon Wind and Empire Wind 1 — are making landfall at industrial sites in Astoria and Brooklyn and wondered why Empire Wind 2 had to run through dense residential neighborhoods.

That question — why here? — came up several more times and was never really answered.

The closest thing to an explanation came from an Equinor representative who said, without elaboration, that a variety of factors were considered as the project was designed. (In a report posted on the project website, however, the developers did outline the alternatives they considered, citing among other criteria the proximity to the preferred point of interconnection; “sediment dynamics (e.g., erosion)”; wildlife habitats, and “constructability complexities (e.g., long additional water crossings.”)

A summary of other questions and the responses from DPS and Equinor:

What impacts will such a large transmission line have on quality of life, property values and public health? Electromagnetic field modeling shows this project would be well below state standards.

What impact will this have on people who fish for a living or for subsistence? That will be part of the environmental review.

Will the wire run on the north or south side of east Broadway? It’s a corridor at this point in the process; we don’t know yet.

I want to know how close these electromagnetic situations are going to be to my kids … this is nonstop, 24 hours a day, gazillions of volts of electricity. At the moment it’s a corridor; that information will be in the application material.

I don’t mean to be rude but I’m not going through 6,000 pages. I’d like a simple answer: Is it going to be 100 feet from my babies or 50 feet?  At this time that level of information is not available.

I don’t want to be the next Camp Lejeune. Why are you running it through our residential area? I believe the applicant answered before.

The city has been mismanaging our money for decades. Can community benefits payments from the developer go directly to residents rather than the city? That’s beyond the scope of this review.

Will running the HVAC power cables a few feet below the electrified Long Island Rail Road tracks create a derailment risk? The railroad will conduct a rigorous safety review.

What happens if the cables catch fire or explode? Has that risk been evaluated? The project will adhere to all national safety and other standards for cables.

If there is an earthquake or natural disaster, do these things have the potential for blowing up our island? I’m neither a seismologist nor someone versed in that type of disaster. However, we’ll be submitting a detailed fire and safety protocol — later in the process.

This hearing is about the cables, but you can’t answer if a cable goes on fire, if it’s going to blow up and how big of an area that will damage. We don’t have an electrical engineer with us on the line, but I believe that the risk of an underground cable exploding is relatively low.

The information session wrapped at the two-hour mark. Two public comment sessions are planned via WebEx on March 9.

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New York Power Authority Sees ‘Additive’ Role in Decarbonization

Justin Driscoll, acting CEO of the New York Power Authority (NYPA), met with the New York Senate Energy and Telecommunications Committee last week to discuss how the authority’s duties have evolved and the role of new technologies in decarbonization.

Driscoll told the Feb. 28 live-streamed session about NYPA’s growing “statewide footprint” and how NYPA is the “backbone of the [state’s] grid,” operating 16 electricity facilities, including three hydroelectric and several gas-fired generators, as well as more than 1,400 circuit-miles of transmission.

NYPA also is partnering on the Smart Path Connect, a project to rebuild and strengthen about 100 miles of transmission in the North Country and the Mohawk Valley, and the Propel NY Energy project to improve the grid on Long Island, New York City and Westchester County. Other NYPA initiatives are directed at improving transmission cybersecurity and reducing consumer costs, such as ReCharge NY, Driscoll said.

Sen. Mario R. Mattera (R) questioned NYPA’s investments in battery charging stations, asking “why ratepayers should pay for an investment that is already being made by the private sector.”

Driscoll responded that “we need to use all the tools in our toolbox.”

“Given the enormity of what we’re looking to achieve, I believe NYPA and government can play an ancillary role in the energy transition,” he said.

Sen. Mark Walczyk (R) asked for Driscoll’s perspective on NYPA’s role in the future.

Driscoll said that NYPA’s role is “additive” to what is currently going on in the private sector.

Sen. John Mannion (D) asked whether NYPA was investigating nuclear energy, particularly small modular reactors (SMR).

Driscoll said New York would not be a national leader in nuclear development but that NYPA has interest in the potential deployment of SMR and is following development of the technology.

Mattera asked whether green hydrogen has a future in the state.

“Hydrogen will certainly play a big role,” Driscoll said. “But the question in the industry is really what is the right role.

“It is too early to say whether hydrogen will play a role in the power sector,” Driscoll said, adding there are “big use cases in the heavy industry sector, particularly cement manufacturing or public transportation.”

The discussion on hydrogen follows previous Senate hearings at which senators expressed an openness to innovative technologies.

Sen. Kevin S. Parker (D), chair of the committee, said New Yorkers “are struggling with high cost of heating their homes, lighting their homes, and we need to find ways to address that.”

Parker told Mattera that he supports emerging technologies, such as hydrogen, and that he “doesn’t think we are in different places,” but it is simply a “question of how we get from point A to point B.”

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Megawatt-scale Demonstration Project Yields First Pink Hydrogen

A central New York nuclear power plant is the first in the nation to generate its own hydrogen, Constellation Energy Group (NASDAQ:CEG) and the U.S. Department of Energy announced Tuesday.

The agency and company shared costs on the project at the Nine Mile Point Nuclear Plant, which is one of four DOE hydrogen demonstration projects underway at reactors.

The hydrogen generation system went online in February, several months after its projected late-2022 startup. It produces 560 kilograms of hydrogen per day with an hourly 1.25-MW draw on the 1,907-MW output of Nine Mile’s two reactors.

Hydrogen is used on site for cooling, and previously was trucked in, but Constellation said the output of the new system exceeds the needs at Nine Mile.

Nine Mile is simultaneously working with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority on a demonstration project that will use hydrogen fuel cell technology to provide long-duration energy storage and is targeted to be operational in 2025.

Hydrogen, which burns without producing greenhouse gas emissions, is potentially a key tool in fighting climate change. It could serve as a form of energy storage and is viewed as an alternate power source for industries and applications that otherwise would be hard to decarbonize.

But the cost of production currently is a barrier to wider use. DOE made reducing that cost by 80%, to $1/kilogram, the central goal of the first of its Energy Earthshots in 2021.

Interest is keen in green hydrogen — derived from renewable energy sources — because generating greenhouse emissions to generate hydrogen limits the net benefit.

So-called pink hydrogen is produced with emissions-free nuclear power and, in some processes, with the excess heat generated by nuclear fission.

Reactors at Nine Mile, Davis-Besse in Ohio and Palo Verde in Arizona are testing low-temperature electrolysis systems. The fourth demonstration project, at Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant in Minnesota, is testing a high-temperature electrolysis process that is regarded as more efficient.

DOE provided a $5.8 million grant to the Nine Mile project, which uses a proton exchange membrane made by Nel Hydrogen.

Constellation said the demonstration project could pave the way for large-scale deployments at its other clean-energy facilities.

Constellation has told investors it plans $900 million in capital investments to develop commercial hydrogen production, which it hopes to begin in 2026. It projects a 250-MW hydrogen facility could produce about 33,450 metric tons of hydrogen, more than 90% of which it expects to sell via long-term off-take agreements.

“Hydrogen will be an indispensable tool in solving the climate crisis, and Nine Mile Point is going to show the world that nuclear power is the most efficient and cost-effective way to make it from a carbon-free resource,” Constellation CEO Joe Dominguez said in a news release. “In partnership with DOE and others, we see this technology creating a pathway to decarbonizing industries that remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels, while creating clean-energy jobs and strengthening domestic energy security.”

“This accomplishment tangibly demonstrates that our nation’s existing reactor fleet can produce clean hydrogen today,” Kathryn Huff, assistant DOE secretary for nuclear energy, said in a news release. “DOE is proud to support cost-shared projects like this to deliver affordable clean hydrogen. The investments we’re starting to make now through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act will even further expand the hydrogen market to create new economic and environmental benefits for nuclear energy.”

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CIP Standards Dominated ERO 2022 Enforcement Activities

Last year saw “significant progress” for the ERO Enterprise’s Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Program (CMEP) and Organization Registration and Certification Program (ORCP), NERC said in the programs’ Annual Report released last month.

The annual reports, released each February, are intended to help NERC and the regional entities track their progress “aligning CMEP and ORCP activities across the ERO Enterprise,” along with identifying trends in resolving violations of NERC’s reliability standards. Starting this year, NERC plans to supplement the annual report with a mid-year report released in August.

According to the report, REs processed 383 instances of noncompliance assessed at either moderate or serious risk last year. This represents a five-year record, although it totals only six more violations than were filed the previous year.

While total noncompliances rose slightly in 2022, the number of repeat violations reported fell. Repeat noncompliance in the report was divided into incidents involving compliance history — referring to “a relevant prior violation of the same or similar reliability standard and requirement” — and aggravation history, defined as “a prior violation that stemmed from similar actions or conduct.”

Noncompliance Standards (NERC) Content.jpgThe 10 standards that accounted for the highest number of noncompliances assessed as moderate or serious risk in 2022. | NERC

Cases with compliance history fell to 198 last year, from 216 in 2021, while the number of cases with aggravation history dropped more both proportionately and in absolute terms, declining from 83 to 54. NERC pointed out that aggravation history averaged around 19% of all moderate and serious noncompliance cases over the last five years.

NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards accounted for seven of the top 10 most violated standards in 2022, just as they did in 2020 and 2021, according to last year’s report. CIP-007-6 (Cybersecurity — systems security management) garnered the most violations with 108, nearly twice as many as the next most cited standard, CIP-010-4 (Cybersecurity — configuration change management and vulnerability assessments). CIP-004-6 (Cybersecurity — personnel and training) came next, with 37 infringements; the same three standards, in the same order, represented the most violations in 2020 and 2021 as well.

The ERO noted that it achieved “substantial reductions” in the volume of unprocessed noncompliance issues last year, having processed “nearly 70% of its open noncompliance from 2019 and earlier and nearly 50% of its noncompliance from 2021 and earlier.” At the end of 2022, out of NERC’s 2,903 open cases, 1,608 — about 55% — were submitted in 2022; the oldest open cases were from 2017, but this represented only three of the total.

Nine in 10 noncompliance issues reported in 2022 were discovered internally, more than at any time in the last five years. The remaining 10% were found either through compliance audits or spot-checks.

Along with enforcement figures, the ERO also included other highlights from last year such as the ongoing implementation of the Align software tool for processing audits, investigations, and other compliance activities, and the ERO Secure Evidence Locker.

Release 4 of Align deployed in the second quarter of the year, with release 4.1 and 4.5 following in the third and fourth quarters respectively. The January issue of NERC’s Align newsletter said release 4.5 is “the final release planned under the current business case,” though the software will continue to be updated under a governance model adopted last year.

The report also listed the CMEP and ORCP priorities for 2023. These include continuing to deliver enhancements to Align, focusing on efficient resolution of noncompliance, tracking completion of registered entities’ compliance oversight plans, and pursuing consistency efforts on penalties, mitigation, training exercises, documentation, and risk assessments.

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Lordstown Motors Production Line Down at Least Until April

The electric vehicle manufacturer that once aimed to be the first to offer an electric pickup truck solely to commercial customers is now uncertain whether it will resume production following a second recall to address supply chain and parts quality issues while facing continued financial stress.

Edward Hightower, CEO of Ohio-based Lordstown Motors (NASDAQ:RIDE), told analysts Monday during the company’s call to discuss fourth-quarter and full-year 2022 earnings results that the company is seeking another partner in addition to Taiwanese-based FoxConn Technology Group, an international contract manufacturer.

At issue is the creation of a network of suppliers manufacturing the myriad electrical and mechanical parts not only for the current pickup truck, the Endurance, but also for new vehicles that Foxconn and Lordstown are now beginning to design.

Lordstown announced its first recall and decision to shut down its assembly line on Feb. 23 over an issue in an electrical system component that the company determined could lead to a loss of power while driving. (See Lordstown Motors Recalls Endurance Electric Truck.)

Hightower said the company issued the second recall after a parts supplier said a component in the truck’s brake assembly did not meet specifications. It is now involved in a lengthy root-cause analysis with its suppliers to prevent future problems.

“Our team has also worked closely with our supplier network to root-cause the other post-launch quality issues and develop and implement corrective actions, which have included part quality corrections, part design modifications, retrofits and software updates,” he explained.

And he underscored the importance of finding another partner to make improvements to the Endurance and begin mass production of the vehicle.

“While we continue to pursue partnership opportunities, should we not identify a partner in the coming months, we may decide to pause commercial production of the Endurance until a partner is identified,” he said.

Foxconn has already invested hundreds of millions of dollars in Lordstown, initially agreeing to buy the 25-year-old sprawling former General Motors assembly plant from it in November 2021 for $230 million. A year later, Foxconn invested another $170 million, purchasing about 19% of the company’s shares and gaining two seats on its board of directors. (See Lordstown Motors Gives 2 Board Seats to Foxconn.)

The joint venture did not begin to produce the Endurance until late 2022. So far it has only built 48 trucks and sold only three in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Lordstown ended 2022 with $221.7 million in cash and short-term investments, about $57 million (34%) higher than expected, the company said in a release accompanying the results.

“We expect to end the first quarter of 2023 with $150 [million] to $170 million in cash and short-term investments, excluding any additional Foxconn funding, other equity sales or contingent liabilities.”

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Experts Discuss ‘Public’ Part of PSPS

VANCOUVER, British Columbia — Utilities shared ways to narrow the impact of public safety power shutoffs (PSPS) — and convince customers of the need for them — at the Western Interstate Energy Board’s Winter Wildfire Meeting last week.

The practice of PSPS — preemptively shutting down power lines to prevent ignition of wildfires — originated with utilities in California but has since spread across the West as a way to mitigate the risk of catastrophic wildfires in the face of climate change.

When Portland General Electric (PGE) initiated its first PSPS in Oregon’s Mount Hood corridor in September 2020, area residents understood the need for the utility’s preemptive measure because they were already feeling the impact of fires burning elsewhere in the state, said PGE Director of Wildfire Resiliency and Mitigation Bill Messner.

“That worked really well in the sense that we did turn off the power, but it also worked really well with the community because they saw smoke and they saw flames, so I think you can put the correlation really quickly together,” Messner said.

The massive wildfires ignited over Labor Day weekend 2020 and burned about 1.2 million acres of dense forest in normally temperate Western Oregon. The fires killed 11 people, destroyed more than 4,000 homes, leveled entire communities and spread within 25 miles of the city of Portland. Portland-based PacifiCorp already has paid out settlements for its role in starting at least one of the fires, but PGE’s equipment was not implicated in any of them.

In 2020, PGE had just one PSPS zone within its 4,000-square mile territory. By last year, the number of zones had grown to 10, including the heavily forested West Hills area in Portland. All 10 were subject to shutoffs at various times last September in the face of high winds and low humidity at the tail end of a dry summer.

“We actually added some other preventative outage areas as we were learning more about what was happening, and we were being proactive in other areas,” Messner said. “I think ‘just be agile’ is probably one of the biggest learnings that you have to have in this space.”

The utility learned another lesson from the unexpected timing of outages, which sometimes had to be initiated at night. “We were turning off power at two in the morning,” Messner said. “Well, sending messages at two in the morning when someone is sleeping is not very helpful.”

Despite the recent history of wildfire, some Oregon electricity customers are unconvinced about the need for PSPS, Messner said. Some of that confusion might stem from how utilities communicate with the public about the reasons for the policy.

“I think one of our challenges … is that we have several utilities in Oregon. Are we using the same words? Are we saying the same thing? Or are we causing confusion with our attempt to not cause confusion?” Messner said. To improve the company’s communication around PSPS, PGE has created the position of “customer manager” within its incident management team, who is tasked with gathering feedback from customers and improving the utility’s communication with them.

Claire Halbrook, director at California-based consultant Gridworks, said effective communication around PSPS requires “teams of people,” which can be challenging to assemble for just one season.

“So where are these resources going to come from if they’re only needed for part of the year? What are they going to be doing for the remainder of the year? Or are we trying to pull people from their day jobs to do this during wildfire season? And what are the disruptions to those teams and normal course of business?” said Halbrook, who previously worked for Pacific Gas and Electric.

Halbrook emphasized the importance of working with impacted communities to ensure essential services remain energized during a PSPS.

“I also would encourage surveying large customers to see who already has backup generation, and how much of their own load it can serve,” she said. “A big thing we did at PG&E in 2020 was work with many of our local hospitals to ensure that they had backup generation and to provide additional support if needed.”

“The communities that are most vulnerable are often the least resourced to engage with us,” said Oregon Public Utility Commission member Letha Tawney, the panel’s moderator.

“Absolutely,” Halbrook said. “I think we’re asking a lot of our communities to engage with utilities on a variety of fronts around emergency management and other topics. [It’s important to make sure the utilities are] providing them the information and resources they need in an easy way, [and] key contacts within your organization [that] they could reach out to with questions. And engaging in education and listening to their questions and concerns is going to be really important.”

Not Just a Western Issue

Tawney asked the panelists what steps utilities are taking to mitigate the impact of PSPS when fire risk is high.

“I think we learned a lot from PG&E,” Messner said. “I mean, to be frank, when they first started this, they were turning the power off at the substation, right? So there were hundreds of thousands of customers being impacted — and then having to deal with communication challenges about that.” From that experience, PGE learned to narrow the impact of outages from a switching standpoint, he said.

PGE in the past three years has sharply increased the number of weather stations it relies on for monitoring conditions across its service territory, Messner said. During the September 2020 event, the utility relied only on weather data from Portland International Airport at the northern edge of the city. Now it gathers information from about 50 different weather stations and solar-powered surveillance cameras to make more pinpointed decisions.

“I don’t think you can underestimate the importance of the mapping and modeling,” said Mike Bartel, vice president of operations at Alberta, Canada, transmission operator AltaLink. “Every time we go around looking at refinements, it either scares me that the model may not be right, and we’re focused in the wrong places, or it gives me lots of confidence because I’ve got a number of weather experts and forestry experts telling me we’re focused in the right places.”

Bartel also pointed to the need to have “boots on the ground” validating conditions, especially on a transmission right of way, to avoid overreacting to information from a weather station that might be located three miles away.

“At this point in time, every utility across the West needs to know which of its lines are at risk, [and] under what conditions,” Halbrook said. “Are these transmission lines, distribution lines, both? Where along the line is there potential for risk? What are all of the customers that are served by that line that will be impacted if it’s shut off? What is the driver of the risks?”

Pointing to recent wildfires in Florida, Messner said he thinks states across the U.S. — not just the West — will one day face the need to implement PSPS on their grids.

“I think climate change is going to come all the way through … so any state that thinks that this is not going to be a tool they need to have in their tool chests, I think they’re mistaken,” he said.

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Advocates’ Report Slams Hydrogen as Heating Fuel

A group pressing Massachusetts’ transition to carbon-free fuels is trying to head off consideration of hydrogen as a wide-scale replacement for natural gas.

Producing green hydrogen in quantities sufficient to supply all the structures now heated with gas would consume all the clean electricity that offshore wind is projected to supply to Massachusetts, according to a report released Monday by Gas Transition Allies, a coalition of more than two dozen organizations, advocates and researchers.

Decarbonizing the power grid and ramping up green hydrogen production would be impossible to do simultaneously by 2050 or even longer, the report concludes.

The report is the latest dispatch in an ongoing competition between environmental advocates and natural gas delivery companies to shape policy and opinion as Massachusetts moves to a net-zero future.

The Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities has drawn comments from all sides of the debate in its investigation (20-80) of the role of natural gas local distribution companies as the state moves toward its 2050 climate goals.

Green hydrogen is the subject of research and development on multiple fronts. It holds promise because it does not produce greenhouse gas emissions when burned, but the cost of production currently is not economical for many purposes.

Also, if the electricity used to produce hydrogen is generated by burning fossil fuels, the climate-protection benefit of hydrogen produced is negated.

This is at the heart of the new report, “Impact of Green Hydrogen Production on the Availability of Clean Electricity for the Grid.”

Key points include:

  • 3.2 GW of offshore wind capacity is predicted to be available for Massachusetts by 2030.
  • Replacing 100% of natural gas in all Massachusetts structures that now use it as a heating fuel with an 80/20 blend of natural gas and green hydrogen would require 3.9 GW of nameplate offshore wind capacity.
  • An 80/20 blend would result in only a small emissions reduction that falls far short of state mandates.
  • Replacing natural gas with 100% green hydrogen would require 19.7 GW of offshore wind power, plus an enormous expenditure on hydrogen-compatible equipment and infrastructure.
  • Electric heat pumps are a better option — 3.7 times more efficient than hydrogen boilers.

The report bases its calculations on a series of assumptions about the power output of offshore wind turbines and power demand of hydrogen electrolyzers. Some of the data points will likely improve, given the amount of effort being poured into research and development.

For example, the report assumes 43 kWh of electricity will be needed to produce 1 kg of hydrogen, which is low by current standards. But the U.S. Department of Energy in 2021 launched one of its Energy Earthshots, seeking to cut the cost of clean hydrogen production by 80%.

‘Inherent Flexibility’

Two of the natural gas LDCs that will be directly affected by Massachusetts policy decisions told NetZero Insider on Monday they continue to see hydrogen as a potential path to net zero.

Unitil (NYSE:UTL) spokesperson Alec O’Meara said the company was still reviewing the report. He added:

“Regarding hydrogen in general, we very much believe fully endorsing or ruling out any one specific energy solution would be premature at this time. Unitil is a firm supporter of the commonwealth’s stated emission goals, and as a company we are continuing to explore the potential of a wide number of different renewable natural gas options, including hydrogen.”

National Grid (NYSE:NGG) spokesperson Christine Milligan said the company is firmly committed to its net-zero goal, pursuing it through energy-efficiency programs, offshore wind, EV charging programs and, eventually, hydrogen.

“Green hydrogen is currently being demonstrated around the world as a renewable carrier and a means for long-term storage of renewable power. Its inherent flexibility means it can be used synergistically with solar and wind and, if used for heating, might reduce the potential for renewable power curtailments like those seen already in California,” she said.

“With billions of dollars in federal support for clean hydrogen coming through the IRA [Inflation Reduction Act] and IIJA [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act], green hydrogen is going to get much more affordable and more abundant in coming decades. We feel it can play a very important role in helping meet our decarbonization goals and has a range of use cases.”

‘Not Well-suited’ for Local Distribution

Other proponents and opponents of green hydrogen have made their points regularly, in Massachusetts and elsewhere.

At a recent press briefing, environmental advocates decried the possible use of hydrogen in New England, calling it inefficient, explosive and leak-prone. 

“There are roles for hydrogen, in hard to decarbonize sectors,” said Steven Hamburg, chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund. “But hydrogen is not well-suited for thinking about applications in an urban environment for local distribution-related services like what we do with natural gas.” 

“If we just keep going with the status quo, with gas utilities continuing to pretend there’s a path to keep the pipes running indefinitely, we’re going to have a utility death spiral where people who can afford to leave the system do. People who can’t leave … are going to be stuck holding the bag and paying ever higher costs,” said Caitlin Peale Sloan, a vice president at the Conservation Law Foundation. 

At a recent meeting, ISO-NE board chair Cheryl LaFleur questioned the wisdom of replacing gas systems with hydrogen. 

“As far as hydrogen as a complete substitute for gas … that’s a much more expensive system to retrofit than to retrofit the lines to power plants,” LaFleur said.