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November 5, 2024

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FERC Partially Accepts NYISO BSM Compliance Filing

FERC on Thursday accepted NYISO’s proposal to implement its revised buyer-side market power mitigation (BSM) rules for the current class year, but it ordered an additional filing by Aug. 1 to establish a specific effective date (ER20-1718-003).

The commission approved NYISO’s revisions, which allow the ISO to evaluate projects being driven by New York state public policy first, in February and ordered a compliance filing proposing an effective date for the changes, but one that was no later than the next class year.

NYISO did so in March, proposing that the revisions take effect immediately following the completion of class year 2021 that same month. (See NYISO Files BSM Compliance, Extension Request.)

FERC said that was fine, but that the ISO still needs to specify a date and include conforming tariff revisions based on that date.

Commissioner James Danly dissented, calling the brief letter to NYISO “yet another unlawful order that should never have [been] issued.”

“There is no material, legitimate basis to justify NYISO’s discriminatory treatment prioritizing the evaluation of public policy resources before non-public policy resources, independent of any other consideration, including cost,” Danly said.

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Ohio Lawmakers Propose Bill to Ensure Public Represented on PUC

Two Ohio lawmakers this week introduced legislation to significantly alter the composition of the state’s five-member Public Utilities Commission by requiring the governor to appoint one member from a list of candidates chosen by the office of the Ohio Consumers’ Counsel (OCC).

Under H.B. 690, the OCC, rather than the PUCO Nominating Council, would have the responsibility to vet and submit the names of three consumer-oriented candidates to the governor for appointment.

The governor would not be permitted to reject all three, and any OCC-recommended appointment would be subject to approval by the state Senate.

The PUCO Nominating Council would continue to screen candidates for the other four seats on the commission for gubernatorial appointment.

The introduction of the legislation follows Republican Gov. Mike DeWine’s reappointment in February of a long-time utility lawyer to a second five-year term after the Nominating Council, chaired by a utility lobbyist, rejected candidates with a consumer background.

It also comes three years after DeWine appointed utility lobbyist Sam Randazzo, whose clients included FirstEnergy (NYSE:FE), to chair the PUC. Randazzo stepped down in November 2020, four days after the FBI raided his home after FirstEnergy revealed in a Securities and Exchange Commission filing that it had paid him $4 million before his appointment to close out a six-year consulting contract.

Rep. Laura Lanese (R), one of two primary sponsors of H.B. 690, said she introduced the legislation to make sure the public, “the first word in the name of the Public Utilities Commission,” gets represented.

“We have this office, the OCC, that has the expertise” to ensure public representation, she said.

Lanese noted that the OCC is already responsible for recommending a gubernatorial appointment to the Ohio Power Siting Board, which has authority over the development of power plants, including wind and solar, transmission lines and pipelines.

“We do it with the Ohio Power Siting Board, and there’s no reason for us not to do it with the PUC,” she said.

Co-sponsor Gayle Manning (R) could not be immediately reached for comment, but a number of Democrats immediately agreed to co-sponsor the bill.

Rep. Kent Smith, ranking Democrat on the House Public Utilities Committee, which is expected to hold initial hearings on the legislation, is listed as one of the co-sponsors.

“I think the voice of consumers needs to be amplified on the PUC,” Smith said. “And this would be a relatively simple way to ensure that a consumer voice would be there.”

Rep. Casey Weinstein, a Democrat who clashed with Randazzo when he was appointed to the PUCO, said he quickly moved to be a co-sponsor.

“I just want to see more consumer-focused representation on the PUC, and I think this is a creative way to get there. I have not liked the governor’s picks. I think it’s all industry-friendly folks. I completely disagree with the preponderance of the decisions that they’ve made. I think they seem to exist to protect the status quo. And I think that should be challenged,” he said.

A third Democrat, Rep. Dan Troy of suburban Cleveland, said he immediately decided to co-sponsor the bill when he saw it. “I’ll be co-sponsoring this because it’s one more seat at the table that has the ratepayers’ interests in mind,” he said.

The spokesperson for the OCC issued a statement in support of the legislation.

“Years ago the legislature required that the Ohio Power Siting Board would have a member, to be nominated by the Consumers’ Counsel and appointed by the governor, as the public’s representative on the board. That was a good idea for Ohioans,” Merrilee Embs wrote in an email responding to a request for comment.

“A similarly good idea is in House Bill 690 for reform of the PUCO. That’s especially important given the PUCO is out of balance with two of five commissioners having formerly worked for the utility industry,” Embs wrote. “Just recently the PUCO even had three of five commissioners who had worked for utilities — until a FirstEnergy scandal led the former PUCO chair to resign. …

“In the interest of justice for millions of utility consumers, we urge the legislature to enact House Bill 690.”

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Interior to Cut Rent for Clean Energy Projects on Public Land

Renewable energy developers looking to build projects on public land may soon see the rent and fees they have to pay drop by more than half, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland announced Tuesday at a clean energy roundtable in Las Vegas.

The dramatic drop in the per-acre rent and per-megawatt fees developers pay is part of a drive by Interior and its Bureau of Land Management to help the Biden administration reach its 2025 goal of putting 25,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public lands, primarily in the West. Haaland also announced that the department will be setting up and staffing special units called Renewable Energy Coordination Offices (RECOs) “to prioritize robust environmental compliance coordination for renewable energy proposals.”

The RECOs will be located in BLM offices across the West, with one each in Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah, according to a DOI announcement.

In a statement included in the announcement, Haaland underlined the “important role” clean energy projects on public land will play in reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and the department’s commitment to “coordination with local, state and elected officials, tribes, and conservation and industry groups.”

BLM Director Tracy Stone-Manning hailed the announcements as “bold steps” that will allow the agency “to attract renewable energy investments on public lands in a way that is environmentally sound.”

While Tuesday’s announcement was light on specifics — such as when the lower rates and RECOs will be rolled out — more detail can be gleaned from a progress report on renewable development on public lands that DOI and BLM submitted to Congress in March.

Authorized to reduce per-acre rental rates for clean energy projects in the Energy Act of 2020, the department implemented initial reductions in California’s Riverside, San Bernardino and San Diego counties in 2021 because of “significant increases in the fair market value for acreage rents” for solar and wind projects in those areas, the report says.

The reduced rates for states, recently published by BLM, range from $8.09/acre in New Mexico to $48.93/acre in Oregon. The reduced rate for all of California is $75.13/acre.

‘Vast Contiguous Areas’

Siting renewable energy on public land remains a potential flash point at the local level. For example, the recently approved Oberon solar project in Riverside County was opposed by some environmental groups, which see it as a threat to sensitive desert ecosystems and animals, such as the desert tortoise and fringe-toed lizard, as reported in The Desert Sun.

But with Biden’s ambitious climate goals and the need to rapidly ramp up solar and wind, “vast contiguous areas available for onshore renewable energy are sparse,” the DOI-BLM report argues. “Therefore, public lands … have a unique role to play” in renewable development.

According to the report, in fiscal year 2021, BLM helped develop 2,890 MW of solar, wind and geothermal energy on public land, a 35% increase over 2020.

Going into 2022, the agency had a pipeline of 54 solar, wind and geothermal projects totaling 33,000 MW that it is prioritizing for permitting by 2025, the report says. BLM is targeting approvals for 3,595 MW of solar in 2022, rising to 13,524 MW in 2024.

The pipeline also includes six interconnection transmission lines — or “gen-ties” — connecting renewable projects to the grid, with a total capacity of 1,732 MW. Four major transmission lines are also on the agency’s priority list: Greenlink West and North, both in Nevada; SunZia, in Arizona and New Mexico; and Transcanyon Cross-Tie, connecting Nevada and Utah.

Processing all those projects and staffing the RECOs will require at least 56 new hires, according to the report, and anticipated projects in states such as Idaho, Montana and the Dakotas could result in an additional RECO with a staff of 10.

Permitting has long been a pain point for renewable energy and transmission development, but whether the DOI initiatives will be enough to move projects forward on expedited timelines remains uncertain. While interconnection queues across the country sit with backlogs of hundreds of megawatts of projects, supply chain delays and the Commerce Department solar tariff investigation have put major dampers on solar development.

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ERO Warns Inflation, Cyber Investments to Keep Boosting Budgets

Inflation and investments in cybersecurity are likely to continue driving budget increases across the ERO Enterprise for the next several years, staff at NERC’s regional entities warned in a webinar hosted by the ERO’s Finance and Audit Committee on Wednesday.

The webinar was meant to provide more context for NERC and the REs’ draft 2023 business plan and budgets. NERC posted the drafts last Wednesday; the organization is seeking comment on the documents through June 24 and plans to submit the final budgets to its Board of Trustees for approval at its next open meeting in August. (See NERC Plans Big Budget Hike for 2023.)

The draft budgets indicate that the ERO Enterprise’s efforts to reduce the costs of the economic hardships of the COVID-19 pandemic are coming to an end, as NERC predicted when it released the preliminary 2022 budget last year. (See NERC: Post-COVID Budget Rises Likely.) NERC’s planned 13.5% budget increase ($12 million) is its biggest by percentage since 2015, when the creation of the Cybersecurity Risk Information Sharing Program spurred an 18.3% growth. It is also significantly higher than the 7.1% increase from 2021 to 2022.

The REs are all planning budget hikes of their own, ranging from the Texas Reliability Entity’s budget of $17.7 million, up 3.2% from this year, to the Midwest Reliability Organization’s $23 million, up 15% from 2022. NERC also expects to raise its assessment next year, as does every RE except for WECC, which is planning a 17.2% reduction.

Presenters at Wednesday’s webinar included finance heads from every RE, discussing the drivers of their expected budget increases. A common theme was the need for REs to resume investing in needed improvements that many had deferred in recent years to avoid raising assessments and burdening utilities that were themselves struggling with adapting to the pandemic.

Lam Chung (NERC) FI.jpgLam Chung, MRO | NERC

“We are sort of working our way back out of that hole that we’ve created for ourselves … in light of the financial and economic situations of the last several years,” said Lam Chung, vice president and engineer for strategy, innovation and finance at MRO.

For many REs, the most significant investment needed is in cyber and physical security. ReliabilityFirst, for example, plans to increase its budget by 6.7%; 48% of this increase consists of security initiatives and salaries for new security personnel.

Texas RE also plans to add an additional full-time-equivalent position in its information technology department, while WECC expects a 12.2% increase in its operating expenses because of costs associated with computer improvements and enterprise security tools. SERC Reliability CFO George Krogstie said his organization is “completing … a multiyear shift from third-party to in-house IT expertise,” which has resulted in “greater autonomy to manage our network.”

Presenters observed that the current rates of inflation — the U.S. Consumer Price Index was near a 40-year high in April, according to The Guardian — also complicates the budget process, with many complaining that even if they continue to hold most meetings virtually, they will likely still have to raise their meeting and travel budgets to keep pace with rising costs. The wave of inflation is also boosting costs of insurance and other services while putting pressure on REs to raise their salary offerings to stay competitive, especially for urgently-needed hires in cybersecurity.

“We have adjusted our merit increase for inflation, [which is] typically 3%; we’ve moved that to 4%. And we also have inflation increases in meetings and travel,” said Carol Baskey, treasurer at ReliabilityFirst. “We [also] have a newer, less experienced staff than in prior years, so there’s more training that we’re going to be taking on as well.”

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Granholm Discusses Net-zero Tech at ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit

DENVER — Leaders in energy innovation from across the U.S. traveled to Denver last week to participate in ARPA-E’s 2022 Energy Innovation Summit.

The three-day conference ended with a fireside chat led by U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm.

Granholm started by expressing her excitement to be back in person.

“Since the last time we met virtually, so much has gone on in the world, even yesterday, so much horrible stuff,” Granholm said, referring to the school shooting in Uvalde, Texas.

Jennifer Granholm 2022-05-25 (RTO Insider LLC) FI.jpgU.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm | © RTO Insider LLC

“[And] the war in Ukraine as well,” she continued. “The impacts on the global energy markets and the fact that gas prices are through the roof and people are really hurting. It just tells you that we have got to move.”

Granholm expressed frustration with the current legislature’s inability to “get the full array of our climate policy through,” but she said she remains optimistic.

“Technology is going to move forward regardless of what’s happening on the policy side, and this is how we are going to ultimately fix the biggest problems that are facing us,” she said.

Beth Zotter, CEO and co-founder of UMARO Foods, and Natron Energy CEO Colin Wessells joined Granholm for a conversation about the technologies their companies are working on to aid the transition to net zero.

Zotter’s company started out by producing algal biofuels out of seaweed to use in the transportation sector.

“UMARO Foods is really built on the vision that the ocean is the most scalable and efficient bioreactor for producing biomass,” Zotter said. She added that the company’s goal is to create the technologies that can unlock the ocean’s potential for producing clean energy.

Her company has moved into the food industry, using seaweed biproducts to produce plant-based foods to complement its existing biofuel production. UMARO plans to roll out plant-based bacon to restaurants in the coming months.

“Right now, algal biofuels need a high-value co-product to basically make the economics for large-scale biorefineries work out,” Zotter said. And with a growing demand for plant-based meat alternatives, it’s a new market opportunity, she added.

On the battery storage front, Wessells said, “Natron Energy is developing sodium-ion batteries to solve electricity reliability problems,” while avoiding widespread industry supply chain issues.

ARPA-E panel 2022-05-25 (ARPA-E) Content.jpgU.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm (right) participates in a fireside chat with Natron Energy CEO Colin Wessells (left) and UMARO Foods CEO Beth Zotter. | ARPA-E

“We’re removing the supply chain constraints,” he said. “We don’t have the lithium; we don’t have the cobalt; we don’t have the nickel; we don’t have the copper. We can onshore all these materials. We just use iron; we just use manganese.”

Natron is planning a large battery storage project in Holland, Mich., with its new sodium-ion technology. It plans to run about 600 MW of battery production per year of utility-scale grid storage for “data centers, telecom [and] short-duration grid storage. … This will be phase one of a longer-term growth plan,” he said.

With LG Energy Solutions’ investment in battery manufacturing for electric vehicles in March and the various auto manufacturers in the area, Wessells said Holland is poised to become a battery hub in the Upper Midwest.

Wessells said Natron’s goal is “to avert a doomsday scenario for grid storage, where if we don’t have the lithium minerals, we don’t have the grid storage we need.” Being independent of the mineral supply chain may allow Natron to fill the battery storage gap that will get the U.S. to net zero, he said.

Both companies were able to launch with help from funds awarded through ARPA-E grants. Granholm stressed the importance of government working with industry to fund technologies to avert climate change and aid the energy transition.

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Counterflow: Transmission and Technology

tesla powerwallSteve Huntoon | Steve Huntoon

Around the middle of the massive FERC Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on transmission planning, etcetera, we come across a discussion of new technologies.

The NOPR says transmission planning will be improved with the use of dynamic line ratings and other “grid enhancing technologies” (GETs).[1]

Dynamic Line Ratings

It’s hard to see how this can be so. Dynamic line ratings are very important for reducing congestion, as I discussed back in 2019.[2] But they can’t relieve reliability violations — arising from future system conditions or from interconnecting new generation.

Planning is based on worst-case system conditions. Dynamic line ratings can be used to increase dispatch of lower cost resources when temperature and other ambient conditions are better than worst case. But they can’t make the worst-case planning topology better. It’s that simple.

The only apparent use of dynamic line ratings in planning would be this scenario: Assume multiple potential solutions to a reliability violation. Maybe a more expensive solution would be better if its incremental production cost savings outweigh its incremental solution cost. The odds of this happening in practice are slim to none, and Slim left town.

Transmission line ratings that are relevant to planning, including generator interconnection, are unique emergency (contingency) ratings. In its December rulemaking requiring use of ambient-adjusted ratings, FERC also required unique emergency ratings for operations/dispatch, but did not do so for planning/interconnection studies.[3]

But the latter is what matters to save consumers from transmission overbuild, and to save renewable generators from unnecessary costs and delays. FERC did not address the expert engineering comments in that proceeding,[4] creating the irony of higher emergency ratings for operations than for planning.

FERC did not address this subject, yet again, in this NOPR.

Other ‘Grid Enhancing Technologies’

The NOPR also mandates consideration of other “grid enhancing technologies,” which beside DLRs, are specified as “advanced power flow control devices.” As with DLRs, such devices have little, if anything, to do with increasing grid capacity. In looking at the study[5] supposedly supporting the planning/interconnection value of GETs, I can’t find anything relevant. The study at different points refers to planning but then says “GETs focus on operational improvements,”[6] and the value proposition seems limited to improved dispatch.[7] Not planning/interconnection.

What technologies actually do increase grid capacity for planning/interconnection purposes? Technologies that increase physical capacity of grid elements such as those that the Electric Power Research Institute has identified.[8] These include simple things like sag studies to identify possible retensioning and tower raising, and more sophisticated technologies like reconductoring with advanced conductors[9] and applying high-emissivity conductor coatings.[10] None of these are discussed in the NOPR.

Bottom Line

In the worthy endeavor to increase grid capacity and increase renewable interconnections, the NOPR is pushing the wrong set of technologies.

Columnist Steve Huntoon, principal of Energy Counsel LLP, and a former president of the Energy Bar Association, has been practicing energy law for more than 30 years.

[1] Docket No. RM21-17-000, ¶ 267-277, issued April 21, 2022.

[4] https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/filedownload?fileid=020C3BCD-66E2-5005-8110-C31FAFC91712. And I addressed this toward the end of my column in footnote 2.

[6] Slide 23.

[7] Slide 26.

[10] Per an Oak Ridge National Laboratory study of conductor coating: “a coated conductor affords approximately a 20% increase in ampacity when operating at the same temperature as an uncoated conductor.” https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub138393.pdf (pdf page 10).

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Alliant Energy Leads Challenge of ITC Midwest Capital Structure

Alliant Energy is spearheading a coalition of utilities, industrial customers and consumer advocates contesting ITC Midwest’s capital structure at FERC.

The Iowa Coalition for Affordable Transmission filed a complaint last month, alleging that the equity ratio used in ITC Midwest’s capital structure is unfair and should be reduced to 53% from 60% (EL22-56).

The coalition includes Alliant subsidiary Interstate Power and Light (IPL), the Iowa Office of Consumer Advocate, the Resale Power Group of Iowa, the Iowa Business Energy Coalition and the Large Energy Group, a group of IPL major electric service customers.  

The coalition argued that since FERC accepted ITC’s current capital structure in 2007, “ITC Midwest and MISO have changed substantially.” It said Midwest’s rate base grew by 550% since 2007 “to the point that network and firm point-to-point transmission rates are over 275% higher than the average rates of other transmission owners.”

“Financially, ITC Midwest and its affiliates performed strongly for their investors, so much so that their parent, ITC Holdings Corp. was acquired by Fortis Inc. [in 2016], an international public utility holding company,” they wrote.

The coalition argued that ITC no longer meets the commission’s three-part test to ensure a capital structure won’t result in excessive costs for consumers. It said ITC Midwest doesn’t have its own credit rating separate from ITC Holdings and Fortis, and that its parents effectively guarantee its debt. The group also said ITC Midwest’s 60% common equity ratio “significantly exceeds those set by recent FERC orders and the equity ratios of publicly traded proxy companies.” Thy said it is “excessively skewed toward equity.”

“This conclusion is based on evidence including ITC Midwest’s complete lack of any management-level employees of its own — all of its officers are officers of ITC Holdings — and evidence indicating that debt rating agencies look to ITC Holdings and Fortis when evaluating ITC Midwest’s creditworthiness,” the coalition said.

The group’s suggested 53% is the median of other MISO transmission utilities with similar bond ratings.

“Fifteen years ago, when ITC Midwest was first created to acquire IPL’s transmission system … ITC Midwest had no track record of transmission ownership or investment; it did not even have its own credit rating — FERC approved its capital structure proposal based on an expectation that ITC Midwest would have its own credit rating separate from its parent company,” the coalition said.

The Iowa Utilities Board and the Minnesota Department of Commerce took notice of the complaint and wrote to FERC in support of it.

“ITC Midwest owns transmission in Minnesota, and therefore its existing capital structure and transmission rates have direct implications for Minnesota ratepayers. In addition, the equity ratio issue raised has important long-term implications for Minnesota ratepayers as transmission owners in Minnesota and throughout the MISO region consider adding significant amounts of new high-voltage transmission into their rate base,” the Minnesota Department of Commerce said.

The North Iowa Corridor Economic Development Corp. also sided with the complaint, noting that high energy costs have detracted from potential economic development in the area.

“Our organization has seen directly how higher energy costs here have led local and prospective businesses to choose other locations for expansion,” it said.

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Mayflower Wind Interconnection Change to Reduce Power Price 10%

Mayflower Wind is seeking to amend an 804-MW offshore wind power purchase agreement with Massachusetts’ utilities to reflect a change in the project’s interconnection point to land. The new location will allow Mayflower to reduce the original project bid price by about 10%.

The joint venture of Royal Dutch Shell (NYSE:RDS.A) and Ocean Winds North America, itself a joint venture of EDP Renewables and ENGIE, wants to interconnect the project at Brayton Point, about 50 miles west of the original interconnection point on Cape Cod, according to May 25 testimony to the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities by Katherine Wilson, manager of long-term clean energy supply at National Grid (Dockets 20-16, -17, -18).

Eversource Energy (NYSE:ES), National Grid (NYSE:NGG) and Unitil (NYSE:UTL) selected the project in a 2019 OSW solicitation, and the department approved the utilities’ PPAs in 2020 for an initial 408-MW phase and a second 396-MW phase.

A change in the project’s interconnection point stems from the developers’ winning a 405-MW project bid in the state’s latest OSW procurement round last year, which includes interconnection at Brayton. Mayflower plans to build common offshore transmission infrastructure to serve the 804-MW project and the 405-MW project, Wilson said. Doing so, she added, would enable other project interconnections at the original site on Cape Cod, where ISO-NE has determined that only up to 1,200 MW of interconnection capacity is available based on planned system upgrades.

The two projects that Mayflower plans to interconnect at Brayton are in a 127,000-acre lease area (OCS-A 0521) that the developers say has 2 GW of generation potential.

Mayflower’s PPAs for the two phases of the 804-MW project allowed for a maximum price of $77.76/MWh, with potential to adjust the price down based on the developers’ ability to qualify for investment tax credits in the future. The maximum price is based on Mayflower receiving a 12% tax credit, and the PPA allowed for a minimum price of $70.26/MWh should a change in law provide for a 30% credit.

By combining the interconnection points at Brayton, Mayflower said it can lock in a price of $70.26/MWh, thereby eliminating ITC uncertainty. Currently, OSW projects that begin construction by the end of 2025 are eligible for a 30% ITC.

Mayflower’s change to the interconnection includes delaying the commercial operation dates (CODs) for the two phases of the 804-MW project by 18 months, according to a joint motion to amend the PPAs filed by the utilities. The CODs for the two phases would change from February 2026 to September 2027, and from June 2026 to December 2027, respectively.

Eversource, National Grid and Unitil filed a petition May 25 with the DPU (Docket 22-72) for approval of a PPA with Mayflower for the 405-MW project awarded last year. Under that PPA, Mayflower would place the project into commercial operation in March 2028.

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PNNL: Communities Should Take Bigger Role in Coal Plant Closures

Twenty-eight percent of U.S. coal-fired power plants are expected to be retired by 2035. 

A recent report by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, said that the communities hosting those plants need to do a better job of preparing for the loss of these major employers.

“Community impacts of power plant decommissioning are not limited to job and revenue losses. Communities are likely to be impacted culturally, socially, environmentally, and have long-term health-based impacts that should be acknowledged and addressed in post-retirement plans,” the report said. “Despite the economic spillover effects that decommissioning will have on the surrounding community, residents often do not have a say on the decision to decommission a coal plant.”

The report, which is dated September 2021 but was released in April, seeks to understand who in a community is affected when a coal-fired plant shuts down, and how to get those people involved in planning for economic recovery, Bethel Tarekegne, a PNNL equity and renewables researcher, said in an interview. “It’s what is realistic for the community to move ahead,” she said.

The report’s recommendations focus on how a community can get involved as soon as a coal-fired plant is considered for closure, extensive research into options on how to recover from that loss, and public transparency in dealing with the effects

“Understandably, no one size fits all,” Tarekegne said.

As of February, the U.S. had 240 active coal-fired power plants. Between 2010 and the first quarter of 2019, U.S. utilities announced the retirement of more than 546 coal-fired power units, totaling about 102 gigawatts.  Plant owners intend to retire another 17 GW of coal-fired capacity by 2025, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, with 12.6 GW slated to shut down this year.

In another report, the EIA said utilities plan to retire 28%, or 59 GW, of the coal-fired capacity currently operating in the country by 2035.

The PNNL study looked at four communities that have lost or will lose their coal-fired power plants.

Wise County, Va. 

This county of 38,000 expects to lose 153 full-time plant jobs and 300 to 400 plant-supported jobs, $6-$8.5 million in annual tax revenue and $25-$40 million in local economic activity. In 2019, the county had a 9.4% unemployment rate when the national average was 5.3% and Virginia was 4.6%.

“This translates into a significant impact on schools and other public services in the area. For a region with high unemployment and poverty rates, the job losses and decrease in economic activity due to the plant closure would be a critical threat. The issue of environmental cleanup is another huge concern among community members, especially the resources for cleaning up gob [accumulated spoil] piles, for which the only remediation solution currently is to burn the gob at the power plant,” the PNNL report said. 

After going online in 2012, Dominion’s 668-MW Wise County plant has picked up many state air pollution violations. It has underperformed in producing electricity, dipping to 22% of expected performance in 2019, and suffered financial losses in 2013 and 2014. 

Virginia passed a law in 2020 that requires most of the state’s coal-fired plant to close by 2024. The rest must be decommissioned by 2045. There is no timeline set for decommissioning the Wise County plant. However, Dominion Energy has the option of revamping the site as a renewable energy facility, the PNNL report said.

Wise County leaders were instrumental in getting a 2021 Virginia law passed that required a public hearing on the decommissioning of coal power plants, required the state to maintain a website detailing decommissioning dates for large carbon-emitting plants, and required investor-owned carbon-emitting utilities to provide decommissioning studies to the public.

Anderson County, Tenn.

This county of 75,000 expects to lose 100 full-time jobs, $70 million in annual tax revenue, and 54% of the Clinton, Tennessee, school district’s tax base when the 881-MW Bull Run Fossil Plant (BRFP) closes in December 2023. The Tennessee Valley Authority opened the plant in 1966.

In 2002, the plant accounted for roughly 60% of the greater Knoxville area’s air pollution. Emissions controls have improved, but the plant’s pollutants have been linked to many deaths, including 21 in one year, the PNNL report said. It has collected multiple federal air pollution violations.

The site has stored more than 10 million cubic yards of coal ash, worrying local residents about the environmental impacts.

“Community opinions about whether the coal ash should be moved offsite or kept in its current location at the BRFP facility are mixed. The decision is a difficult one, because the community will be faced with environmental ramifications and public health consequences if the ash pile is kept onsite but will also encounter significant impacts if the coal ash is removed,” the report said.

TVA is closing the plant because it is unprofitable to run and faces $1.3 billion in needed improvements. TVA has determined it can serve its customers without the facility.  The agency is considering tearing down the plant, but there has been little community input into the site’s fate since the closure decision was made in 2019.

“TVA’s noncommittal attitude toward engaging the community in the decommissioning process has strained their relationship with the community and constituted a large barrier in setting the stage for a just transition process,” PNNL said. “The community wants more direct input in the retirement planning process, and more specifically, a formal negotiation agreement to be signed by the TVA, especially to ensure that the community has some influence on the landfill permitting issue. Since 2018, the TVA has hosted or planned a total of 13 sessions for information dissemination/public involvement in the (the plant’s) retirement process … [three sessions] did not provide opportunities for formal public comments.”

Muskegon County, Mich.

Opened in 1948 and located one mile from Lake Michigan, Consumers Energy’s 320-MW B.C. Cobb plant was closed in 2016 and demolished in 2020. The closure eliminated 160 jobs and about $70 million in annual tax revenue in the county of 173,000. Roughly 13.5% of the county’s population lived below the poverty line in 2019. 

The Muskegon County plant was the last of seven coal plants Consumers Energy decided to close because they were no longer economical to operate, prompting the utility to convert to more economical natural gas and renewable energy. In closing the seven plants, Consumers, which wants to reach net zero emissions by 2040, reduced its carbon emissions by 90%.

The PNNL report said the community was largely uninvolved in the pace and direction of the plant’s closure, although the local government provided some expedited permitting in return for Consumers Energy removing its ash ponds.

“Although the decision-making process was neither equitable, nor entirely transparent, [Consumers] Energy did give the community some leeway in assessing the best future use for the site. [Consumers] Energy recommended alternative uses for the site, including an expanded deep-water port, an agribusiness center, and a sustainable manufacturing center, but ultimately provided funding for the community to conduct studies to better understand their options,” the report said.

Through a third party, Consumers Energy sold the site to a shipping company at the nearby port.

Sherburne County, Minn.

Xcel Energy’s Sherburne County Generating Station (Sherco) in Becker, Minnesota, consists of three coal-fired units capable of producing 2,400 MW and burning 30,000 tons of coal a day. The utility plans to close one unit in 2023, another in 2026 and the third in 2030, and is proposing to open a 460 MW solar plant at the site in 2024.

The closures will eliminate 300 jobs, as well as 14% of Sherburne County’s tax base and 75% of Becker’s tax base.

In 2007, Minnesota lawmakers set economy-wide carbon reduction goals of 30% by 2025 and 80% by 2050. Xcel initially targeted a 40% reduction in its Midwest carbon emissions by 2030, but the retirement of the first two Sherco units would allow the utility to reach 60% reduction by 2030.

“The Becker and broader Sherburne County communities were initially in denial about the plant’s fate and thought Sherco might be saved because it powered a quarter of the Twin Cities. However, the Becker City Administrator strategically shifted the conversation from the need to save the power plant to developing plans for the anticipated power plant decommissioning. … Dealing with the anticipated decommissioning of the plant was a significant undertaking for the community,” the PNNL report said.

Local leaders then began researching options and what the community had to offer to prospective new businesses, including thousands of acres of buffer areas around the three units.  Becker has ended up building a metals recycling plant, helping expand two existing trucking companies, and is planning to obtain a data center to attract new businesses.

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Changes Coming to Massachusetts EV Rebate Program, Energy Commissioner Says

MOR-EV is at a crossroads.

Funding for the Massachusetts electric vehicle rebate program expires at the end of June, and while it’s likely to be renewed in some form, both the Baker administration and the Massachusetts legislature are eyeing policy tweaks to factors from the size of the rebate to the price cap on vehicles.

The state’s Department of Energy Resources commissioned a report on the program, published in March, which lays out several recommendations for targeting consumers in a no-longer-nascent industry.

DOER Commissioner Patrick Woodcock told RTO Insider that the Baker administration will pursue many of those tweaks as the state government prepares for a gubernatorial transition.

“We would like to begin to target the types of vehicles that provide the most emission benefits … and put these programs in a position to have some fiscal stability with them for our successors,” Woodcock said.

Another goal his department is eyeing is to improve equity in the program and reduce the number of “free riders” taking part, who would be purchasing EVs anyway, regardless of the rebate.

The program has shifted several times in its eight years of existence, but in its current form it offers a $2,500 rebate for battery or fuel cell EVs with a purchase price below $50,000, and a $1,500 rebate for plug-in hybrid EVs.

The price cap of $50,000 is one of the main targets for Woodcock and the Baker administration, who are recommending lowering it to $47,500.

“Reducing the vehicle purchase price cap is highly likely to improve financial sustainability, cost-effectiveness and equity,” the report said. It would reduce the percentage of EV sales eligible for the credit, reduce “free ridership” and ensure that more rebates are available for lower-cost vehicles.

Limiting rebates for plug-in hybrids (only allowing them when there are no EV alternatives in the same price point) is another central plank of the administration’s plans.

“We do think we’ve gotten to a saturation level that we really should be encouraging battery EV purchases,” Woodcock said.

The administration is also looking at moving the rebates to point-of-sale, expanding the rebate to used EVs and adding separate incentives for low- and moderate-income (LMI) consumers.

In the Legislature

Changes to the program might not all be up to the administration or even the next governor.

The two chambers of the Massachusetts legislature are working on an energy bill that could include new EV provisions. (See Mass. Legislators Try to Hash out Next Climate Bill). The House version is narrowly focused on offshore wind, but the Senate has proposed changes and an influx of money for EVs.

The Senate proposal takes a different tack from what DOER is putting forward. It would create a $100 million EV Adoption Incentive Trust Fund to keep the money flowing past June.

But it would maintain the $50,000 price cap, while increasing the rebate amount to as much as $5,000 and adding point-of-sale rebates and an extra value to the rebate for LMI consumers.

The Green Energy Consumers Alliance, which has been tracking possible changes to MOR-EV, notes that the funding itself would support less than 30,000 EVs.

“Let’s get the new MOR-EV program up and running with the understanding that we will need other policies beyond consumer rebates to reach the larger goal,” the advocacy group wrote in a May 9 blog post.

Short-term Solvency?

Unaligned priorities mean that DOER may have to dig into its reserves to keep the program running this summer.

MOR-EV funding expires at the end of June, but the legislature has until the end of July to agree on a compromise for the negotiation.

Woodcock said that a funding shortage for the program in 2019 forced the department to balance its resources in a way that prepares it for gaps.

“We have full confidence that we’ll be able to continue to administer this program for a number of months even if there isn’t an extension of the budgetary language,” he said. “We certainly hope there’s clarity as soon as possible with the program, but we don’t see that there would be a significant disruption in July or August.”

Woodcock wants to ensure stability for the program heading into the gubernatorial transition.

“Stability is one cornerstone of good public policy,” he said. “From my vantage point, from the discussions in the Massachusetts legislature … it’s just a question of how long, by what duration, and what funding levels the program will be in.”