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June 29, 2024

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MISO: Calm Spring no Indication of Expected Summer Challenges

EAGAN, Minn. — MISO said a quiet spring isn’t a portent for the months to come. Meanwhile, its Independent Market Monitor insists MISO needs to penalize renewable generators that do not bridle output when asked.  

Speaking during a June 25 Markets Committee of the MISO Board of Directors meeting, Executive Director of Market Operations JT Smith said between predicted summer heat, an active hurricane season and the seasonal capacity auction returning a shortfall in spring and autumn, MISO anticipates tense months ahead.  

“We should expect probably a nice, stressful summer for our operating folks,” Smith said. “A couple of capacity advisories shouldn’t be surprising.”  

Smith said MISO’s Planning Resource Auction in April showed the RTO’s capacity surplus eroded 30% when compared to last year, falling from an overall 6.5 GW to 4.6 GW. The auction returned sufficient capacity in all but Missouri’s Zone 5, where prices topped out at a $720/MW-day seasonal cost of new entry in fall and spring. (See Missouri Zone Comes up Short in MISO’s 2nd Seasonal Capacity Auction, Prices Surpass $700/MW-day.)  

However, Smith said MISO should have “a lot of other resources” at its disposal, referring to its load-modifying resources and imports. Soon after Smith spoke, MISO issued its first conservative operations instructions of the summer for about two hours in the North region.  

Board member Phyllis Currie pressed MISO on the health of MISO’s relationships with its neighbors, asking in particular about the potential for the Tennessee Valley Authority and MISO to forge a symbiotic relationship.  

Recently, MISO leadership have expressed disappointment in TVA because although MISO has assisted TVA with exports — especially during the December 2022 winter storm — TVA as a rule doesn’t flow power to MISO.   

“TVA is an interesting animal in the Eastern Interconnect. They are limited in who they can sell power to,” Smith said. 

Smith said MISO and TVA are working toward an emergency purchases agreement so the two can transact power when one is experiencing risk.  

“Not only is the coordination between PJM and MISO and SPP and MISO good, it’s as good as it’s ever been,” MISO CEO John Bear reassured board members of MISO’s RTO neighbors.  

In a spring lookback, Smith called April’s solar eclipse a good learning experience on solar forecasting. He also said MISO staff enjoyed the eclipse because MISO “walked out of it without hassle.”  

“This is the first time we’ve had a significant amount of solar on our system to have an impact,” Smith said. 

MISO also reported its system performed as expected May 11 during the largest, most severe geomagnetic disturbance across the footprint since 2005.  

Otherwise, Smith said MISO experienced a mild spring. He said spring’s peak at 97 GW on May 21 fell short of MISO’s forecasted 100-GW peak for the season. Load averaged 69 GW, in line with the previous three years, and real-time prices averaged $24/MWh, $2 lower than in 2023. Daily generation outages averaged 51 GW, a few gigawatts better than in previous years.  

Predictably, MISO set another all-time solar peak May 25 at 6.2 GW.  

“Expect that every board meeting for the next couple of years,” Smith told MISO’s board and stakeholders.  

IMM Says MISO Should Rein in Renewable Operators

Carrie Milton, of the Independent Market Monitor, said the spring saw a rise in unpredictable output due to renewable energy operators disregarding MISO’s instructions to curtail.  

Milton said control room operators were forced to manually intervene “extensively” this spring, with double the rate of manual redispatches and capping wind generation dispatch to bring flows under control of last spring.  

She stressed the IMM’s oft-repeated position that unchecked flows from renewable generation exacerbate transmission constraints, with wind operators having little incentive to dial back energy production when told by MISO. That leaves MISO operators having to intervene to maintain system integrity and bring flows back within line ratings.  

“It’s effective but very inefficient, and unfortunately, that inefficiency is felt throughout the system,” Milton said. She said not only does manual redispatch raise costs to serve energy, it prevents MISO’s dispatch from pricing congestion accurately and increases uplift payments to generation.  

Milton said MISO should introduce software that flags renewable energy owners when their output is exacerbating a constraint and is deviating from their dispatch instructions. If the dispatch flag is ignored, MISO should levy financial penalties, she said.  

“They don’t always know when there’s a constraint,” Milton said of wind operators.   

Milton said MISO’s wind forecasting also is to blame, and MISO needs to work to reduce forecasting errors. She also said MISO should train its control operators to adjust transmission constraints so its dispatch model can manage constraints optimally.  

Over spring, MISO said it experienced $449 million in real-time congestion while wind operators churned out 26 TWh. MISO has acknowledged that uninstructed deviations are worse now than before it introduced the rules to curb them and said it will work with the IMM on potential new rules and software. (See MISO: Worsening Uninstructed Deviation Needs Attention.)

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Trade Group Wants NY to Press Distributed Solar

A trade group is calling for New York to double its goals for small-scale solar, which has enjoyed success as the state’s efforts to site large-scale renewable energy have faltered. 

The New York Solar Energy Industries Association presented its road map to reach 20 GW of distributed solar on June 26, a day before its scheduled policy summit in New York City. 

Small-scale solar has been a success story in New York state, which is on track to reach its 2025 goal of 6 GW distributed solar a year early. More than 2 GW of community solar generation capacity is installed, the most of any state in the nation. 

By contrast, so many large-scale solar and wind projects have been delayed or canceled that some say the state’s goal of 70% renewable energy by 2030 is now unattainable. (See NY Won’t Meet Renewable Target, Industry Says at Summit.) 

NYSEIA is calling for the current distributed solar goal — 10 GW by 2030 — to be changed to 20 GW by 2035. 

Achieving “20X35” would entail only 7 to 10% annual growth in installation, NYSEIA said, much less than the 31% average annual growth seen in the past decade. The association noted that more than 800 MW of distributed solar capacity was installed in 2023 alone.  

Small, distributed solar is well distributed across New York state and can be quite small: The national Solar Energy Industries Association dashboard puts New York’s total installed solar capacity at 5,834 MW in the first quarter of 2024 and indicates that 210,220 separate solar arrays have been installed to reach that total. 

The NYSEIA road map draws a marked contrast between small-scale solar and New York’s large-scale renewables portfolio, which saw more than 11 GW of contract cancellations in the past year. 

The authors write: “Conventional wisdom is that utility-scale solar can be deployed faster and cheaper than rooftop and community solar; however, New York has flipped that logic on its head: 93% of New York’s installed solar capacity is rooftop and community solar.” 

Nationwide, the picture is different: The U.S. Energy Information Administration reports that small-scale photovoltaics (less than 1 MW nameplate capacity) accounted for only 31% of U.S. solar energy generation in 2023. 

NYSEIA Executive Director Noah Ginsburg said in a news release: “As New York struggles to meet its ambitious renewable energy mandates, legislative leaders and regulators must take decisive action. Scaling up distributed solar deployment will deliver cost-effective progress toward New York’s overall climate goals while delivering immense benefits to New York’s environment, economy and working families.” 

New York is pursuing a mix of large and small renewables as it works to make its clean energy vision a reality. This ranges from offshore wind farms each producing a gigawatt to rooftop solar arrays generating only a few kilowatts. 

A Department of Public Services spokesperson said via email: “When it comes to the development of clean energy resources in New York, our focus will continue to be on both large-and small-scale generation. And that’s why we have initiatives in place — such as [Office of Renewable Energy Siting] for large-scale siting and our distributed energy resources network program for small scale projects — to quickly, efficiently and affordably develop clean energy projects.” 

Home Rule Hinders Growth

While the road map draws a portrait of distributed solar as a success story in New York’s clean energy transition, it also explains some of the roadblocks the Empire State has put in the path of small-scale development.  

Prominent among them is local opposition in a state with a strong home-rule tradition, which NYSEIA estimates is holding back up to 4.6 GW of distributed solar. 

The Office of Renewable Energy Siting can usurp local authority, but only on projects with capacity of at least 20 MW.  

This has an ironic effect, the road map asserts: “Many of these restrictive local laws are intended to stop utility-scale projects but only impact community-scale renewables.” 

Much of the road map is a wish list of policy changes that NYSEIA says would be needed if a 20-GW-by-2035 goal is to be pursued.  

“Business as usual is not an option. Achieving 20X35 will require policy intervention to address permitting, interconnection and economic barriers to distributed solar deployment,” the authors write. 

Among the changes NYSEIA would like to see: 

    • state-level permitting support for community-scale clean-energy projects and state-provided financial benefits for host communities; 
    • permitting automation for residential projects, which can take a day or two to install but months to permit; 
    • improvements in the interconnection process — NYISO’s Standardized Interconnection Requirements is a good foundation, but timelines can be expedited, financial instruments can replace cash deposits for grid upgrades and cost certainty can be improved; 
    • use of flexible interconnection or smart grid technology to monitor and control DERs in real time instead of cost-prohibitive distribution system upgrades; 
    • proactive utility investments in the grid and cost-sharing reforms; 
    • electric tariff improvements taking into account the value of DERs; 
    • incentives for distributed solar-plus-storage serving as virtual power plants; 
    • modernization of the state’s residential solar tax credit; 
    • stretching the state’s distributed solar incentive program because it is ahead of schedule and under budget; and 
    • development of a 20 GW follow-up to the successful NY-Sun incentive program. 
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FERC Order 1920 Faces Hurdles in Implementation

ARLINGTON, Va. — FERC Order 1920 could help move the ball significantly on more efficiently expanding the transmission grid, but its ultimate success depends on how it and other policies are implemented. 

Grid Strategies President Rob Gramlich told attendees of Infocast’s Transmission & Interconnection Summit on June 26 that Order 1920 is the biggest energy policy the U.S. has seen since the Inflation Reduction Act. Getting planners focused on lines with clear benefits and allocating costs to those who receive those benefits should help get transmission built, he said. 

“Order 1920 really does that in a very well-crafted way,” Gramlich said. 

But a big part of the order’s success will depend on how it is implemented, Gramlich said. Some areas, such as CAISO and MISO, already largely do what FERC has directed, but some regions lack any history with the kind of long-term planning Order 1920 envisions. 

“I think the biggest industry challenge now is to get consensus with states and those other stakeholders to get busy doing it, figuring out who’s going to do it and how,” Gramlich said. 

Order 1920 builds on earlier FERC orders, most directly Order 1000, which tried to set a floor for regional and interregional planning more than a decade ago but fell short on implementation. 

“I think what we’ve seen in the West in the past with implementation of FERC Order 1000 is that the utilities convert that floor into a ceiling in their compliance filings, and it becomes sort of a straitjacket to doing innovative transmission planning,” Maury Galbraith, executive director of the Colorado Electric Transmission Authority, said during a webinar hosted by Advanced Energy United last week. 

Galbraith argued that in planning processes under the new rules, utilities should not be allowed to use their FERC-regulated tariffs as a way to get out of running scenarios requested by other stakeholders. 

Even if Order 1920 is perfectly implemented, the transmission expansion many say is needed to meet rising demand and connect new sources of supply still will need other policy changes, said Patrick Bond, senior policy adviser for Sen. Angus King (I-Maine). 

“The biggest concern I have is going to be permitting: Even if there’s a plan, and cost allocation is all approved, and you don’t have lawsuits or anything like that, we’re still going to have siting and permitting challenges,” Bond said at the Infocast event. “And I think that those still need to be addressed.” 

Congress has given the federal government the ability to overrule states that reject transmission lines in National Interest Electricity Transmission Corridors (NIETCs), for which FERC issued rules to implement its share of that process with Order 1977 simultaneously with 1920. But the U.S. is going to need more new transmission lines than the NIETC process can handle, Bond said. 

King is a member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, whose leaders from both parties have been working on a bill to update U.S. permitting laws. While any legislation is difficult to pass, permitting is an issue that is holding back other policy preferences, Bond said, so there could be bipartisanship. 

The chances of passing a major bill in 2024 are not that great, as just six weeks are left with Congress in session before the election. There also is a lame duck session after the election. Gramlich said energy-related items could be included in vehicles that are likely to move in 2025, with the need to pass a budget and the individual income tax cuts under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 expiring at the end of that year.

Politics overlays a lot of the issues, and while Gramlich argued that the rhetoric does not line up with Order 1920’s requirement that only beneficiaries of transmission lines pay their fair share of the costs, others were less optimistic. 

“I think the landmine here is that somehow 1920 is a partisan issue,” Grid United President Kris Zadlo said at the Infocast conference. “And I think energy security is national security. And we need to think about it from that mindset.” 

Industry needs to work quickly to accommodate the rapid growth in load in many parts of the country, he added. A 7% annual growth rate means that in just five years, demand grows by 50% overall, Zadlo said. 

Much of the political blowback on Order 1920 is coming from states. Many of them filed for rehearing, essentially asking FERC to go back to the drawing board. 

But Michigan Public Service Commission Chair Dan Scripps said on the AEU webinar that many did not. The two RTO-wide state regulator groups the PSC belongs to (the Organization of MISO States and the Organization of PJM States Inc.) asked for some clarifications, but they did not seek rehearing on the bulk of the order. 

“We may have differences among the states around whether or not FERC should have done this, but now that they have, how do we ensure compliance?” Scripps said. 

The order directs transmission providers, including ISO and RTOs, to give states in their footprints six months to come up with cost allocation rules, but it stops short of requiring them to file them with the commission as an alternative proposal. That is one area Scripps would like to see changed on rehearing. OPSI and other parties made similar requests in their filings. 

“I do think that where states can come together and agree on an approach … there should be a requirement that that at least gets filed and considered and not ignored,” Scripps said. 

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CEC Delays Vote on California OSW Plan

Adoption of a long-awaited strategic plan for offshore wind development off the California coast was postponed by state regulators June 26. 

The California Energy Commission was scheduled to vote on the plan, which was released as a final version less than 24 hours before the meeting. After many members of the public asked for more time to review the hefty document, commissioners agreed to wait. 

“We really appreciate that 24 hours — less than 24 hours — is not enough for folks to dive into this long report given the complexity of the issues at play,” Commissioner Patty Monahan said. 

CEC Chair David Hochschild acknowledged the plan already is a year late. Assembly Bill 525 of 2021 directed the CEC to develop the strategic plan and submit it to the legislature by June 30, 2023. 

“[It’s] not a result of our team not working incredibly hard,” Hochschild said of the delay. “The nature of this effort is incredibly complex and multidimensional.” 

Hochschild didn’t say when the strategic plan would come back for a vote. The commission’s next two business meetings are scheduled for July 10 and Aug. 14. 

The CEC released a draft version of the strategic plan in January. (See Draft Plan Outlines California Vision for Offshore Wind.) 

That document followed an interim report laying out an offshore wind permitting “road map” and another that assessed the potential economic benefits of offshore wind. 

In August 2022, the CEC set planning goals for offshore wind: 2 GW to 5 GW by 2030 and 25 GW by 2045. Offshore wind development is seen as a way for California to meet a mandate from 2018’s Senate Bill 100 to provide retail customers with 100% clean energy by 2045. 

In December 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) auctioned leases for five offshore wind areas: three in the Morro Bay Wind Energy Area (WEA) off the Central Coast and two in the Humboldt WEA off the coast of Northern California. 

 The CEC’s offshore wind strategic plan focuses on several areas: 

    • identifying suitable sea space to accommodate the 25-GW-by-2045 goal. 
    • planning for port infrastructure and workforce development. 
    • assessing transmission infrastructure needs. 
    • establishing an efficient permitting process. 
    • identifying potential offshore wind impacts and ways to address them. 

The final strategic plan incorporates summaries of comments received on the draft plan. In addition, some sections were expanded, such as the impacts on marine biological resources and fisheries and the need for port enhancements. 

In a statement following release of the final plan, Adam Stern, executive director of trade group Offshore Wind California, said he was looking forward to the CEC’s approval of the plan and moving on to next steps in offshore wind development. 

“Offshore wind promises to deliver a host of benefits for California workers, residents and electricity ratepayers,” Stern said. 

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NERC Submits INSM Standard for FERC Approval

NERC has submitted to FERC its proposed cybersecurity reliability standard requiring utilities to implement internal network security monitoring (INSM) software on select grid cyber systems (RM24-7). 

The commission in 2023 ordered the ERO to develop requirements for INSM, calling the proposal a necessary response to events like the SolarWinds hack of 2020. (See FERC Orders Internal Cyber Monitoring in Response to SolarWinds Hack.) In that attack — now attributed to Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service by the U.S. — malicious hackers infiltrated the update channel for SolarWinds’ Orion network management software and used their access to push code to customers that the attackers could use to gain access to their systems. 

When the attack first was discovered, nearly 18,000 SolarWinds customers were thought to have been compromised, including the U.S. Department of Energy and FERC, although SolarWinds since has claimed fewer than 100 customers were affected. 

NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards require a utility to monitor communications from the inside of its electronic security perimeter (ESP) — the electronic border around its internal network — to the outside. FERC staff said last year the SolarWinds compromise “demonstrated how an attacker can bypass all perimeter-based security controls traditionally used to identify malicious activity” and that implementing INSM could reduce the time needed to discover and respond to a security compromise. 

FERC’s order called on NERC to submit standards requiring INSM at all high-impact grid-connected cyber systems, as well as medium-impact systems with external routable connectivity (ERC), by July 9, 2024. The commission limited its order to high- and medium-impact systems because those systems are defined in the CIP standards. 

FERC previously sought input from ERO stakeholders on whether low-impact systems should be included as well (RM22-3). However, industry commenters warned this measure would impose a large compliance burden on utilities for relatively little return. Even the ERO Enterprise said adding low-impact systems would require “extensive revisions” to the CIP standards in order to define the term. (See ERO Backs FERC’s Cyber Monitoring Proposal.) 

NERC assigned the INSM standard development to Project 2023-03, which initially conceived its work as a modification of CIP-007-6 (Cybersecurity — systems security management). But the initial ballot for the proposed CIP-007-X was rejected overwhelmingly by industry with a segment-weighted vote in its favor of just 15.42%. A two-thirds majority is needed for passage. 

Following the rejection, the team changed its approach to create a new standard, CIP-015-1 (INSM). This standard underwent another unsuccessful round of voting in March before receiving industry approval in a shortened ballot period the following month. (See Industry Approves NERC’s Cyber Monitoring Standards.) NERC’s Board of Trustees voted to accept the standard and submit it to FERC for approval at its meeting in May. 

CIP-015-1 would require registered entities to “implement one or more documented process(es) for [INSM] of networks … of high-impact [grid] cyber systems and medium-impact … systems with” ERC. Documented processes under the standard must include: 

    • network data feeds to monitor network activity, including connections, devices and network communications; 
    • at least one method to detect anomalous network activity using the network data feeds; and 
    • at least one method to evaluate anomalous activity to determine what additional action is needed. 

Entities also would have to implement documented processes to retain INSM data associated with anomalous network activity and to protect all data gathered or retained to prevent unauthorized deletion or modification. 

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NYISO Reveals Bids in NYC Offshore Transmission Solicitation

NYISO this month received four bids in response to its Public Policy Transmission Need solicitation to deliver up to 8 GW of offshore wind power to New York City. 

Each developer proposed multiple options, differing by size, number of offshore platforms and HVDC cables, or interconnection points. They are: 

    • energyRE Giga-Projects USA, with three options for its Clean Borough Power Link; 
    • Viridon New York, with three options for its Liberty Link; 
    • New York Transco, with 10 options for its Energy Link New York; and 
    • the New York Power Authority and LS Power, with 12 options for its Five Boro Energy Connect. 

Most project options propose to connect to Consolidated Edison’s Brooklyn Clean Energy Hub, expected to be completed in 2028. But many others propose to interconnect via DC-to-AC converter stations that have not yet been approved. 

NYISO issued its solicitation in response to an order by the New York Public Service Commission in June 2023. The PSC mandated that projects should accommodate at least 4,770 MW of offshore wind, with options to expand up to 8 GW. (See New York PSC Calls for More Transmission for Long Island OSW.) 

Viridon and energyRE proposed in-service dates of December 2032 for all of their proposals, while NY Transco proposed January 2033. NYPA and LS Power’s proposed dates vary by option, with the earliest being September 2032 and latest December 2033. 

New York’s Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act calls for 9 GW of offshore wind by 2035. The state’s — as well as the U.S.’ — first utility-scale project, the 130-MW South Fork Wind Farm, began operating in March. The 924-MW Sunrise Wind project received federal approval last week. (See Sunrise Wind Cleared to Begin Construction.) 

“The investment in transmission is needed so that we are prepared for the future state,” said Susan Craig, spokesperson for NYPA. “The expectation is that generation sources will be there to connect.” 

NYISO will conduct a viability and sufficiency analysis on all the proposals that is expected be conclude in the fourth quarter. The Board of Directors will select a proposal in the second quarter of 2025.  

Craig compared the Five Boro project to Propel New York Energy, which included the construction of new underground transmission lines and substations. Developed by NYPA and NY Transco, Propel was selected by NYISO’s solicitation in June 2023 to meet the PSC’s order for projects to connect up to 3 GW to Long Island. (See NYISO Selects Propel Project for Long Island Transmission.) 

“New transmission is essential for the reliable deployment of offshore wind, and energyRe is ready to modernize New York’s electric grid in support of the state’s clean energy goals,” company COO Ryan Brown said in a statement. 

“As New York develops more renewables, we will need the necessary transmission to carry that clean energy to homes. Energy Link NY is the best project for the job,” said Will Hazelip, vice chair of NY Transco’s board and president of National Grid Ventures. 

“LS Power’s joint proposals with NYPA will deliver state-of-the-art transmission solutions that provide New York City with more renewable generation to integrate into the electric grid and increased reliability to meet power demand, while also minimizing environmental impacts,” LS Power CEO Paul Segal said. 

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Calif. Agencies Outline ‘High Road’ to Developing EV Workforce

California officials on June 25 outlined how their agencies plan to address the shortage of skilled workers needed to support the state’s transition to zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). 

The state’s Workforce Development Board (CWDB), Employment Training Panel (ETP) and Air Resources Board (CARB) were among the several agencies that presented their approaches to workforce development during a Clean Transportation Program workshop hosted by the California Energy Commission. The program receives up to $100 million annually to fund ZEV infrastructure and development. (See Calif. Clean Transportation Program Needs Equity Emphasis.) 

Also participating was the Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz), which leads the state’s ZEV Market Development Strategy, designed to be a “north star” for meeting the state’s goals, according to Gia Vacin, deputy director of ZEV Market Development at GO-Biz. The strategy outlines four pillars supporting the development of a successful ZEV market: vehicles, infrastructure, users and workforce. 

Agency officials emphasized the need to develop “high-road” — or living-wage and skills-based — careers and opportunities for disadvantaged communities in the ZEV industry.  

“We can’t succeed in these other pillars without the support of a robust and thriving workforce that can help lift these others up,” Vacin said. “As we assess our current and future workforce needs, we are really thinking about this ecosystem and standing up and maintaining the entire market.”  

In 2020, the CEC and CWDB partnered in a joint memorandum of understanding to coordinate economic and workforce development planning related to the state’s clean transportation goals, with an emphasis on increasing job opportunities for disadvantaged populations. 

“The Workforce Board has spent the last several years really advocating to do better in the state of California and the Energy Commission has become a really good partner, especially given the [number] of investments that are being made through the department,” said Derek Kirk, assistant deputy secretary of climate at the state’s Labor and Workforce Development Agency. “The reality is, not a whole lot of that money is flowing directly through the workforce agencies or any of our workforce development partners, and so it’s incumbent on us to build relationships across the board to leverage our expertise and to start identifying those programs that can be leveraged to support the creation of this new workforce.”  

As part of the partnership, the CWDB assigned liaisons to the CEC to provide the latter with workforce expertise in labor development strategies and policy and technical assistance and to help identify resources and opportunities. Kirk highlighted the CWDB’s High Road Training Partnership Resilient Workforce Program, designed to increase access to high road jobs for underserved populations, which developed opportunities such as the Jewish Vocational Services 18-week Automative Pre-Apprenticeship Program in partnership with the City College of San Francisco.  

Robert Meyer, director of economic development at the ETP, which uses a pay-for-performance contract to reimburse costs for customized job skills training, said his agency will fund nearly $95 million in training for fiscal 2024/25. The CEC and ETP are currently formalizing an interagency agreement to increase the number of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Training Program (EVITP) certified electricians needed to support widespread transportation electrification. Both agencies established a goal of allocating the ETP $3 million in CTP funds to offset training and EVITP certification costs.  

CEC staff also highlighted the Inclusive, Diverse, Equitable Accessible and Local (IDEAL) ZEV workforce pilots, one of which awarded $6.5 million to 14 projects for high school and college students, veterans and disadvantaged communities, as well as the ZEV Sustainable Equitable Employment Destination (ZEV SEED) project, which targets training workers in disadvantaged communities in Sacramento County. 

Equity Considerations

While investing in workforce training programs is important, the state should do more to consider equity gaps and the barriers some communities face in accessing these programs, said Eileen Tutt, executive director of the Electric Transportation Community Development Corp.  

“We offer all these opportunities equally to various communities, and we are not recognizing the different needs in especially low-income, disadvantaged communities,” Tutt said. 

Tutt identified the “gaps” some residents face in participating in training programs, such as a lack of a driver’s license, and reliable transportation, and encouraged state officials to use a portion of the funding to pay participants for taking time off from jobs or obtaining mobility.    

“There’s just costs associated with this training that are not manageable for some communities,” she said.  

Representatives from the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) were frustrated the union wasn’t included in the workshop and said investing in ZEV infrastructure trainings and apprenticeships is a “waste” because the union already provides enough to support the industry.  

“I am astounded that IBEW wasn’t included as an industry partner or expert or highlighted in today’s workshop,” said Gretchen Newsom, the union’s international representative for government affairs. “We’ve been training our members on EVITP many, many years ahead of the EV revolution. Why not layer this EV operations and maintenance training and knowledge onto the existing high road career as electrician?”  

Echoing Newsom’s comments was Alex Lantsberg, research and advocacy director at San Francisco Electrical Construction Industry, the Labor-Management Cooperation Committee of IBEW Local 6 and the San Francisco Electrical Contractors Association.  

“Rather than just simply a lack of IBEW … what it appears to me is that the state is trying to approach this training question in a very decentralized, uncoordinated way, throwing a bunch of money at a bunch of different programs and hoping they work,” Lantsberg said.  

“IBEW contractors have extensive institutional memory and institutional capacity to train thousands of workers,” he said. “We’ve demonstrated in a variety of different contexts that there are plenty of EVITP certified electricians to be performing this work. What’s absolutely needed and what hasn’t been discussed is an affirmative pathway developed by the state to put those apprentices and to put those skilled and trained contractors on these jobs.”

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LNG Won’t Replace Coal in Generating China’s Power, Report Says

While natural gas has taken a huge bite out of coal’s share of the electric generation market in the U.S., LNG will not have the same impact globally, according to a new report from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA). 

That is because China, the world’s largest coal consumer, will not be replacing that domestic resource with imported natural gas, IEEFA said in its report, “LNG is not displacing coal in China’s power mix.” 

“Policymakers in both LNG exporting and importing countries should approach claims about the necessity of LNG as a ‘bridge fuel’ with a high degree of skepticism,” report co-author Sam Reynolds said in a statement. “The case of China clearly shows that LNG has played a minimal role in displacing coal in the country’s largest coal-consuming sectors.” 

China is the world’s largest energy consumer, with coal accounting for 55% of its primary energy demand, while natural gas, hydropower and renewables each provided 8% of primary energy consumption in 2022.  

Over the past decade, natural gas’ share of generation has stayed around 3%, while renewables have grown to 16% and contributed more to coal’s falling share of generation from 70% to 61%. 

“Although China is the world’s largest LNG importer, the country’s coal demand has increased more than LNG imports every year since 2017,” the report said. “Claims about the role of LNG in displacing coal usage appear to be based on hypothetical arguments that coal generation would be even higher without gas-fired power.” 

While coal’s share of total generation has fallen over the last decade, its generation output has grown by 1,700 TWh, which suggests coal is not being displaced in absolute terms, while wind and solar have contributed to its decline in share of overall generation. 

Recently, China even passed policies to “strictly control” coal-to-gas switching and promote domestic production of coal and natural gas. 

“As a result, coal capacity additions have far outpaced additions of gas-fired power plants, and both are dwarfed by wind and solar installations,” the report said. “National energy sector development plans have called for coal plants to provide flexible operations to integrate variable renewables sources.” 

LNG also costs three times as much as coal in China, so even if prices for imported gas drop as new supply comes online in the near future, those declines likely will not be enough to close the gap. China has replaced coal heating with gas heaters in urban areas, but the paper suggested that would be hard to replicate in the countryside. 

China is the fourth-largest producer of natural gas, which has been growing in recent years, but it is the largest coal producer, last year hitting record production of 4.7 billion tons, 14% above 2021 levels. 

China is also the largest importer of coal, with imports accounting for about 10% of supply needs.  

“The country’s coal, natural gas and LNG demand have all increased since 2016,” the report said. “China consumes nearly seven times more coal than natural gas, though consumption of both fuels increased by roughly the same amount (8 exajoules) between 2012 and 2022.” 

Electricity generation has grown 6.3% a year since 2013, with coal, natural gas, wind, solar and nuclear increasing every year over that time frame.  

“Looking ahead, generation from coal and renewables will continue to exceed gas-fired generation, and capacity investments suggest that LNG and gas will continue to play a limited role in coal displacement,” the paper said. “In recent years, gas plant capacity additions have paled in comparison to coal and renewables additions.” 

China had 1,051 GW of installed wind and solar at the end of 2023 and could hit 1,300 GW this year, beating its target of installing 1,200 GW of wind and solar by 2030. That trend has the International Energy Agency predicting the country could get 50% of its generation from renewables by 2028, while IEA’s projections for gas power are flat through 2030. 

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DOE Dives into US Offshore Wind’s Growing Pains

U.S. Department of Energy officials say they’re optimistic the costs of offshore wind energy development will begin to ease by the end of the decade. 

They struck an optimistic tone during a June 25 webinar, acknowledging the growing pains the industry has had as it establishes itself in the United States but saying the problems of the past 20 months can be overcome. 

Jigar Shah, director of the DOE Loan Programs Office, said while the complicating factors were not unique to U.S. offshore wind development, U.S. offshore wind was particularly vulnerable to them. 

“With all that said, global cost headwinds have begun to stabilize and new offtake solicitations from states are de-risking development moving forward,” Shah said. “Government and industry are drawing on lessons learned with ongoing efforts to refine project and supplier procurement, foster regional collaboration for supply chain and transmission planning and make investments to support necessary enabling infrastructure.” 

Jocelyn Brown-Saracino, DOE’s offshore wind lead, said wind energy area leases held by developers total more than 50 GW of potential generation capacity. Offshore wind is a headline priority for the Biden administration, which plans to auction more leases this year. 

“That said, the last year was a tumultuous one for offshore wind. The industry was hit by a perfect storm of global macroeconomic challenges,” she said. “The sector is adapting, however, and improved risk mitigation is being built into industry planning.” 

The webinar was centered on the DOE’s “Pathways to Commercial Liftoff” report for offshore wind, released in April during the 2024 International Partnering Forum. (See Interior Announces Updated OSW Regs, Auction Schedule at IPF24.) 

Lead authors Brett Anders and Jonah Uri summarized three key takeaways from that report: 

    • Offshore wind will play a critical role in coastal decarbonization and would be hard to replace with other sources of emissions-free power. 
    • Roughly 6 GW of projects are under construction but there needs to be 10 GW to 15 GW this decade to ensure development of a domestic supply chain and reduce some of the long-term risks of building supporting infrastructure. 
    • State policy drives the offshore wind market more than it drives other technologies; federal policy mechanisms such as the Inflation Reduction Act offer support but have not been enough on their own to overcome the challenges created by macroeconomic conditions. 

Globally, offshore wind is a mature technology that has grown tenfold in the past decade and is projected to grow fivefold in the next decade, they said. 

The United States is late to the table, however, home to less than 0.5% of the world’s operational capacity and struggling to add more. 

More than half of the projects contracted off the Northeast coast have been canceled or have canceled their offtake contracts in the past year, victims of soaring costs and supply chain or infrastructure constraints that made it impractical to proceed to construction under the financial terms negotiated. 

The projects being contracted now are much more expensive. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has risen from $85/MWh for fixed-bottom offshore wind projects that reached final investment decision (FID) in 2021 to a projected $140/MWh for projects reaching FID in 2023-2026.  

That is mainly due to the rising cost of capital, cost of construction and cost of operation. Offshore wind is highly sensitive to the cost of capital, said Anders, a member of the market analysis team at the DOE’s Office of Technology Transitions. A 2% increase in the cost of debt alone would lead to a roughly 20% increase in LCOE. 

The report estimates that FIDs reached in 2030 will be back down to $84/MWh through a combination of decreasing interest rates, commodity prices and inflation, and because of tax credits and policy support. 

“Given the inherent uncertainties in the market, particularly with respect to macroeconomic challenges, these estimates should not be interpreted as a cost forecast but rather a framework for understanding the cost of offshore wind today and into the future,” said Uri, a transaction specialist at the Loan Programs Office. 

The economics seen in the era after the Great Recession and before COVID or the war in Ukraine offer some basis for optimism, the report notes: As worldwide installed offshore wind capacity surged from 3 GW in 2011 to 33 GW in 2021, the LCOE of new wind farms gradually decreased 60% through factors including supply chain efficiencies, de-risked construction, technology innovations, institutional knowledge and turbine upsizing. 

Some of the complicating factors in the United States today, such as lack of domestic manufacturing capacity, ports and specialized installation vessels, are particularly sticky, Uri said: They must be put in place at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars each before the projects that will pay for them can be built. 

“So, the early movers are a primary engine to fund the long-term ecosystem buildout for offshore wind here in the U.S., whether that’s ports, vessels, supply chain, etc.,” he said. “It’s a key area of risk that we focus on and part of the reason why building out the initial wave of projects and getting over this hump, of this chicken and egg, is a key force to help lock in the future of the industry.” 

The tone of the webinar and the report on which it is based is optimism in the face of setbacks. 

A central feature of the DOE “Liftoff” series of reports on new energy technologies is the projection of the liftoff — the point at which an industry sector begins actively contributing to decarbonization goals and has a sustained pipeline of projects regularly reaching completion.  

“We found that offshore wind liftoff can be achieved in less than 10 years driven by deployment of projects in the 2020s, several of which are under construction today,” Anders said. “Liftoff for offshore wind will require steady deployment enabled by continued refinements to project sequencing and funding.” 

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NJ Senate Energy Committee Backs PJM Interconnection ‘Skip’ for Solar

New Jersey’s Senate Environment and Energy Committee on June 20 passed a bill (S3308) supporters said would allow grid-scale solar projects of up to 20 MW to bypass PJM’s interconnection queue and connect to the grid through their local utility. 

The committee voted 5-0 to advance the bill, which would require electric utilities to “accept, process and approve” solar projects of 2 MW to 20 MW to the transmission and distribution system, unless the application is incomplete or the utility believes the interconnection would be “unsafe or a risk to the stability of the utility’s electric distribution or transmission system.” In those cases, the utility would have to provide the developer with recommendations on how to modify the proposal to make it complete or “reconfigure, downsize or otherwise modify” it to remove the risk. 

The bill would require the utility to “timely process any complete interconnection applications received.” The owner or developer of an approved project would be required to pay all the interconnection costs that are “identified by the electric public utility” and would be compensated for the electricity supplied by the utility, according to the bill. 

Committee Chair Bob Smith (D) said the bill, “in a nutshell, in some ways allows interconnectors to skip the PJM process.” He added, however, that he is “not 100% sure of that.” 

Fred DeSanti, executive director of the New Jersey Solar Energy Coalition, said the bill would provide an alternative to the extensive delays experienced by projects in seeking interconnection through PJM’s process. 

“We’ve got projects that are viable, that are just sitting there waiting,” he said. “And so all this bill does is, it says, ‘Hey, if the public utility has jurisdiction over the line, and if we meet all the requirements of the public utility … why shouldn’t they be able to approve it?’ We don’t necessarily need PJM at that point.” 

Joseph Gurrentz, director of external affairs for the New Jersey Utilities Association (NJUA), said one question still to be resolved is whether the bill defines the “electric transmission and distribution system to apply only to the electrical systems within New Jersey,” and therefore under the jurisdiction of the Board of Public Utilities. If not, he said, the projects could “inadvertently butt up against the jurisdiction over regional transmission infrastructure” of FERC. 

Asked for comment about the bill, PJM spokesman Daniel Lockwood said the RTO “has requirements to interconnect into the transmission system that have been approved by [FERC].” 

“Whether a prospective resource is required to follow that process depends on the size of the resource and where it wants to interconnect,” he said. “All of our states have their own interconnection processes, as some resources interconnect into the grid that is overseen at the state level.” 

Like all grid operators across the U.S., PJM has an interconnection queue clogged with proposed renewable resource projects. FERC approved a PJM proposal to overhaul its interconnection queue process in late 2022; the commission then issued Order 2023 last July, which required grid operators to revise their processes to include a “first-ready, first-served” cluster methodology, among other changes.  

PJM in May told FERC the RTO’s new commission-approved process already complies with Order 2023, as it “parallels many reforms PJM has already implemented” (ER24-2045). It argued it was eligible for “independent entity variations” under the rule. (See PJM Reaches Milestone on Clearing Interconnection Queue Backlog.) 

But on June 20, several clean energy and environmental organizations filed joint protests against PJM’s compliance filing. 

“PJM stretches the meaning of the ‘independent entity variation’ beyond any reasonable interpretation or application,” argued one group that included the American Clean Power Association. “Should the commission accept the compliance filing, PJM would completely avoid compliance with significant portions of” Order 2023. 

“The queue is so badly backlogged that PJM is not reviewing any new applications — and will not do so until 2026 at the earliest,” said another group that included the Natural Resources Defense Club. “At the same time, PJM is sounding the alarm about a reliability crisis because new generation cannot come online quickly enough to replace retiring power plants.” 

But “PJM resists reform to its interconnection process. PJM proposes very few changes to comply with Order No. 2023, and the few changes it proposes do not meet the order’s rigorous standards.” 

The RTO has not stopped accepting applications, Lockwood said, but new interconnection requests “will be studied starting in 2026 as we move the previously existing projects through the process.” 

Other State Efforts

The New Jersey bill follows other efforts by the state to improve and speed up the interconnection process for renewables as it strives to meet its aggressive clean energy goals. 

The state is seeking to install 12.2 GW of solar energy by 2030; it had about 4.85 GW of installed solar capacity at the end of April, according to the latest figures publicized by the BPU. 

The BPU on April 30 approved a package of rules designed to streamline the utility interconnection application process. Part of it included enabling applicants to get an early indication of the project feasibility and costs. (See New Jersey Opens 4th Offshore Wind Solicitation.) 

At the senate committee hearing June 20, NJUA’s Gurrentz said the organization was “not taking a position on the bill today,” but it is concerned that [it] could detract from some of the progress that’s gone on at the BPU and ship the application backlog that existed at PJM to a similar problem at home at our utility companies.” Another concern is the requirement to handle “very large” solar projects, up to 20 MW. 

“Undertaking these studies to determine the impact of such large interconnections on power quality, reliability and the stability of the electrical grid will take time, and it may divert time and resources that could be spent elsewhere,” he said. 

Gurrentz was the only person to testify in person on the bill, but it drew written expressions of support from Environment New Jersey, the New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel, the Mid-Atlantic Solar Energy Industries Association and the New Jersey Sustainable Business Council.