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December 15, 2025

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FERC Upholds MISO and SPP’s JTIQ Cost Allocation over Criticism

FERC has found that MISO and SPP’s 100% cost allocation to generation for the pair’s $1.7 billion Joint Targeted Interconnection Queue (JTIQ) transmission portfolio remains appropriate (ER24-2797-001, et al.).  

In an order issued at its monthly open meeting June 26, the commission rejected arguments from a group of clean energy organizations that took issue with the 100% allocation to interconnecting generation, and Arkansas and Mississippi regulators, who criticized the backstop feature that allocates costs to load if the lines aren’t fully subscribed. It ruled that it continues to find that the JTIQ cost allocation is just and reasonable. 

MISO and SPP won approval from FERC in late 2024 to fully allocate the costs of the JTIQ portfolio to interconnecting generation assessed per megawatt. The RTOs initially planned to use a split involving 90% to generators and 10% to load, but they abandoned the approach after the U.S. Department of Energy announced that the portfolio would receive $464.5 million from its Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnership (GRIP) program. (See MISO, SPP Ditch 90/10 JTIQ Allocation After $465M DOE Grant.) Under the approved allocation, load will act as a temporary backstop for their share of the costs until enough new generation projects commit to the lines and pick up the tab for construction. 

The American Clean Power Association, Solar Energy Industries Association and Advanced Power Alliance argued that the JTIQ’s allocation, where generation pays all line costs and load pays nothing, ignores that load would “undeniably benefit” from the transmission. They also said the commission overlooked that new interconnection customers aren’t the “legally relevant cause” of the JTIQ portfolio, nor its sole beneficiaries. The groups said FERC abandoned its cost-causation principles and violated the Federal Power Act and the Administrative Procedure Act by greenlighting the allocation. 

FERC said it approved the allocation “based on the unique set of facts and circumstances of the proposed JTIQ framework” and cited “‘massive amounts of interconnection requests,’ the lack of transmission system capacity at the seam to accommodate this volume of interconnection, the significant incremental cost of constructing network upgrades under the RTOs’ affected-system study process … as well as the $464.5 million DOE GRIP funding, which covers approximately 25% of the costs that will be allocated to the interconnection customers.” 

The commission said MISO and SPP’s JTIQ studies and economic theory show that interconnection customers will benefit from more certain and smaller upgrade costs and a reduced interconnection timeline. 

“We continue to find that, based on substantial record evidence, interconnection customers are the primary beneficiaries of the JTIQ upgrades … and therefore should bear the primary responsibility for the … capital costs. In contrast, load still receives ‘some benefit’ and is correspondingly reasonably allocated more limited, potentially temporary, cost responsibility through the backstop funding mechanism,” FERC wrote. 

The commission added that MISO and SPP can continue to use their load as a backstop cost allocation for JTIQ lines despite the Arkansas and Mississippi public service commissions’ argument that MISO could not prove enough benefits would flow to MISO South from JTIQ lines to justify a footprint-wide backstop allocation. 

“The RTOs have shown that the entirety of MISO will benefit to some degree from the high-voltage transmission facilities in JTIQ portfolio No. 1 that will enable the interconnection of generation, regardless of the subregion in which these facilities are located,” FERC said. 

The commission said that despite MISO’s Midwest-to-South transfer limit, transmission customers in both regions would receive “minor and incidental benefits from increased transmission system robustness” and “more timely interconnection of new generation capacity that enables lower production cost generation to access the entire MISO market.” FERC also said lower congestion at the RTOs’ seam could lower MISO’s congestion payments to SPP. 

FERC cited an SPP study that showed that a swifter interconnection of projects at the seam would boost reliability and confer almost $176 million of adjusted production costs benefits to the RTOs, with $76.5 million benefiting MISO.  

FERC echoed MISO and SPP that the backstop allocation is “highly unlikely” to become the permanent allocation based on the “substantial” amount of proposed generation in their interconnection queues and their forecasts that call for increasing load. 

MISO generation developers, meanwhile, have expressed disdain for the JTIQ cost allocation, saying the additional studies the RTO tacked onto the process could send cost assignments as high as they were under its former affected-system study process with SPP. (See MISO Gen Developers Sour on RTO’s JTIQ Cost Allocation.)  

Generation developers also don’t believe GRIP funding is assured under the Trump administration. National Grid Renewables in May told MISO the “certainty of this funding has come into question under the current presidential administration.” The company said allocating costs solely to generation was approved only because the grants would fund almost half of the JTIQ portfolio. National Grid predicted challenges in construction timelines if grant funding is revoked and generators are left to pay more than what they estimated. 

MISO responded at the time that it was not expecting JTIQ funding changes and said DOE had not indicated that GRIP funding is in jeopardy. However, the RTO added that “JTIQ is not contingent upon the receipt of GRIP funding.” 

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FERC Says MISO’s Interconnection Compliance Lacking, Approves General Design

FERC told MISO it needs a few more edits to its queue rules to be compliant with the commission’s wide-ranging order to streamline generator interconnection.  

FERC decided MISO is free to maintain its three-phase approach to interconnection queue studies under Order 2023. The commission said MISO’s setup already used a cluster study process with a first-ready, first served philosophy for projects in accordance with its order and therefore didn’t require a transition plan. FERC also said MISO’s site control requirements, milestone payments, withdrawal penalty fees and study deposits were appropriate under Order 2023 (ER24-2046).   

FERC issued Order 2023 in July 2023, seeking to clear backlogged interconnection queues by implementing a first-ready, first-served cluster study process; increasing interconnection customers’ financial obligations; and penalizing grid operators for missing study deadlines. (See FERC Updates Interconnection Queue Process with Order 2023.) 

However, FERC in a June 26 order said some details of MISO’s plan need refinement. It said MISO fell short in describing how it would allocate the costs of different types of network upgrades. FERC noted that MISO’s plan didn’t distinguish between thermal and non-thermal network upgrades, though its business practice manuals make a distinction.  

The commission said MISO didn’t include a plan for allocating the shared costs of cluster studies and ordered MISO to revise its interconnection procedures to include an allocation that assigns between 10 and 50% of study costs per capita, with the remaining 50 to 90% allocated pro rata by megawatt.  

FERC said MISO should have committed to updating a points-of-interconnection heat map after the final system impact study takes place. MISO proposed to provide the heat map one time after it completes a preliminary system impact study. FERC said without a heat map update after the final system impact study, prospective interconnection customers might rely on outdated information to decide whether to enter their projects.  

The commission said MISO needed to eliminate the term “reasonable efforts” in a section on completing affected system studies and preparing a final report.  

Order 2023 ended a “reasonable efforts” standard on interconnection studies. Instead, the order requires transmission providers to meet fixed study deadlines and enacts financial penalties for delays.  

FERC said MISO must remove a provision that multiple interconnection customers must form a common business entity before they could share a single interconnection request. FERC said multiple interconnection customers that have a contract or agreement can co-locate and share a single interconnection request without creating an LLC.  

The commission also said MISO should not have included steps that allow a transmission provider to conduct extra studies to assess a request for surplus interconnection service. FERC said the additional measures aren’t necessary under Oder 2023 and rejected them without prejudice to MISO proposing them in a future filing.  

Finally, FERC ordered MISO to define several terms it used throughout its filing and rephrase other parts of the plan. MISO has 60 days to make the changes. 

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FERC Partly Accepts SPP’s Order 2023 Compliance

FERC has accepted SPP’s compliance with Orders Nos. 2023 and 2023-A in part and directed the RTO to submit a further filing within 60 days of the order (ER24-2026). 

The commission said in its June 26 order that SPP’s proposed tariff revisions amending the commission’s pro forma generator interconnection procedures and pro forma generator interconnection (GI) agreements partly comply with the orders. 

It found that the RTO’s proposal to post the interconnection studies from the close of its definitive interconnection system impact study (DISIS) cluster to the date when the transmission provider provided the completed study, as opposed to from the close of the cluster request window, deviated from the pro forma GI procedures. FERC said SPP’s standard “does not explain how the proposed variation accomplishes the purposes of Order 2023.” 

The commission also found SPP’s revisions did not incorporate a reference to the “surplus interconnection service study” contained in the pro forma large generator interconnection procedures (LGIP) and that the definition of “scoping meeting” in its GI procedures didn’t incorporate the commission’s revisions to the definition. It said the proposal does not incorporate FERC’s removal of the phrase “to determine the potential feasible points of interconnection” and that its pro forma GIA does not include the defined term “cluster.” 

When SPP made its compliance filing May 24, it said it had made several reforms following Order 2023’s issuance, including a three-stage interconnection study process with increasing financial milestones at each stage. It also proposed replacing “cluster study” and “cluster restudy” with “DISIS” and “DISIS restudy.” 

FERC had several issues with SPP’s proposed language on site control. It said the grid operator did not explain the omission of timing requirements when it would notify interconnection customers of a required restudy; it did not fully incorporate the commission’s revisions to the pro forma definition of “site control”; it did not request an independent entity variation for its proposal to retain its existing GI procedures provisions requiring 100% site control at the time of an interconnection request; and it did not address FERC’s requirement for transmission providers to include a narrative description of how they will define regulatory limit. 

The commission ordered SPP to address: 

    • How the following two items meet the purposes of Orders 2023 and 2023-A. Not adopting the commission’s requirement that the transmission provider treat the GIA deposit as part of the security that the interconnection customer must provide for network upgrades and interconnection facilities; and not requiring the transmission provider to explain and estimate the dates at which an interconnection customer must provide additional security for interconnection facilities and network upgrades when the GIA deposit is depleted. 
    • How it will incorporate the requirement that the transmission provider perform affected system restudies within 60 calendar days from the date of notice. 

FERC directed the grid operator to: 

    • Remove certain language regarding the submission of multiple interconnection requests and deposits or further justify its proposal under the independent entity variation standard. 
    • Revise the GI procedure language to specify which enumerated alternative transmission technologies evaluation results are reported in the first two DISIS studies and to clarify when interconnection customers will receive the evaluation results of the alternative transmission technologies. 
    • Reinstate language regarding transitional notice requirements for generating facility replacement in a future Section 205 filing under the Federal Power Act. 

SPP’s filing drew 22 intervenors and protests by the Clean Energy Association, Longroad Energy Holdings and Shell. FERC rejected the majority of the complaints. 

FERC issued Order 2023 in July 2023, seeking to clear backlogged interconnection queues by implementing a first-ready, first-served cluster study process; increasing interconnection customers’ financial obligations; and penalizing grid operators for missing study deadlines. (See FERC Updates Interconnection Queue Process with Order 2023.) 

In 2024, the commission rejected challenges to the interconnection rules under Order 2023 and made several clarifications, minor modifications and an extended compliance deadline with Order 2023-A. (See FERC Upholds, Clarifies Generator Interconnection Rule.) 

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First Texas Energy Fund Loan Goes to Kerrville Utility

The Texas Public Utility Commission has executed the first loan agreement under the state’s low-interest energy fund to the Kerrville Public Utility Board, the developer of a 122-MW natural gas plant. 

The loan agreement was finalized June 25 under the Texas Energy Fund’s In-ERCOT Generation Loan Program. The program has been allotted $5 billion by state lawmakers to help provide up to 10 GW of new gas-fired generation for ERCOT. 

The PUC and Kerrville PUB agreed to a 20-year loan of up to $105 million for the Rock Island Generation Project at a 3% interest rate, subject to customary financial closing procedures. The project’s total costs are not to exceed $175 million, and the project must meet minimum performance standards, as outlined in the program’s rules. 

The PUB says it will finance the remainder of the project through tax-exempt revenue bonds. 

Rock Island will interconnect to the South Texas Electric Cooperative’s grid in ERCOT’s South load zone. Construction is scheduled to begin in the fall of 2025, and the plant is projected to begin operations by June 2027. 

The site is almost 200 miles away from Kerrville, which is northwest of San Antonio. However, it has access to four natural gas pipelines, which was not the case in Kerrville. 

Texas Gov. Greg Abbott (R) said in a statement that the plant, 75 miles away from the huge Houston load center, will “help bear the load of the largest electricity demand area in the state.” 

The PUC is tracking 18 other applications in the In-ERCOT program’s due-diligence review, representing an additional 9.1 GW of gas generation. 

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FERC Approves NERC’s Proposed INSM Standard

FERC on June 26 approved NERC’s proposed reliability standard requiring utilities to implement internal network security monitoring (INSM) while ordering the ERO to modify the standard by extending its reach (RM24-7).

Acting during its monthly open meeting, the commission also withdrew a Notice of Inquiry to determine whether NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards need further modification (RM20-12).

NERC submitted CIP-015-1 (Cybersecurity – INSM) in June 2024 in response to a 2023 directive from FERC. The commission called the proposal a necessary precaution against events like the SolarWinds hack of 2020, in which malicious actors — later identified by U.S. law enforcement as belonging to Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service — infiltrated the update channel for SolarWinds’ Orion network management software and pushed code to customers that the attackers could use to gain access to their systems.

FERC said the SolarWinds compromise indicated that the kind of security measures mandated in the CIP standards at that point could be bypassed. Those standards required utilities to monitor communications from the inside of their electronic security perimeter (ESP) — the electronic border around its internal network — to the outside. Implementing INSM could help security staff discover attackers that already had infiltrated the system, it said.

CIP-015-1 requires utilities to implement INSM for all high-impact grid-connected cyber systems with or without external routable connectivity (ERC), as well as medium-impact systems with ERC. The commission approved this requirement but indicated that further modification is needed in light of new developments since NERC submitted the standard.

FERC’s requested changes have to do with a clarification that NERC requested in comments on a Noticed of Proposed Rulemaking in November 2024. (See NERC Responds to FERC Cybersecurity NOPRs.) The ERO noted that the NOPR called on it to protect “all trust zones of the CIP-networked environment” but did not define the term “CIP-networked environment,” which made the directive unclear.

In response, FERC specified that the term “does not cover all of a responsible entity’s network,” but it does include “the systems within the [ESP] and network connections among and between electronic access control or monitoring systems (EACMS) and physical access control systems (PACS) external to the [ESP].”

With this definition established, FERC ordered NERC to modify the standard to “extend INSM implementation to EACMS and PACS outside of the” ESP, which it called “known targets for malicious actors.” The commission gave NERC 12 months from the effective date of the order (Sept. 2, 2025) to file the modified standard; as for CIP-015-1, it will take effect 60 days after the date of publication of FERC’s final rule in the Federal Register.

The NOI that the commission withdrew was initiated in 2020 to identify potential gaps in the CIP standards, after FERC raised concerns that the then-current standards did not adequately address the rapidly evolving cybersecurity threat landscape. FERC based its questions on a review of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, asking stakeholders whether the standards provide sufficient protection regarding data security, detection of anomalies and events, and mitigation of cybersecurity events.

The commission noted in its June 26 filing that most commenters on the NOI said the CIP standards, both those in existence and those under development at the time, “adequately addressed the … categories identified.” Those that acknowledged gaps between the CIP and NIST standards still warned that they “serve fundamentally different purposes and … cautioned against an apples-to-apples comparison.” (See Stakeholders Speak out on FERC CIP Concerns.)

FERC also acknowledged that since the NOI’s issuance, NERC and FERC have worked to improve the grid’s cybersecurity posture and address emerging risks. FERC cited multiple CIP standards approved since 2020 including CIP-015-1, CIP-003-9 (Cybersecurity – security management controls) and CIP-012-1 (Cybersecurity – communications between control centers). This progress, the commission said, justified closing the inquiry and the docket.

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Northwest Summers Now Include ‘Huge’ Energy Flows from California

For decades, Portland General Electric watched electricity move from north to south through its system during the summer, as relatively cheap hydroelectric power from the Pacific Northwest flowed to California.

But now, the flow on a typical summer day has reversed, with electricity moving from south to north, PGE officials told the Oregon Public Utility Commission.

“With the 10,000 MW of batteries and 20,000 MW of solar that California has, we see a reversal of paths, where there is a huge northbound flow from California — cheap energy — up into the Northwest,” said Lee Recchia, PGE’s senior manager of the grid control center.

Recchia spoke during a special OPUC meeting on summer readiness on June 24.

The flow reversal has created issues that PGE “didn’t really see coming,” Recchia said, particularly on the North of Pearl transmission path. The Bonneville Power Administration owns the Pearl flowgate, and PGE partially owns some 230-kV lines out of Pearl.

“We’ve seen some overloads that we hadn’t seen in the past years, and it’s one of our big congestion points,” Recchia said.

PGE has developed a North of Pearl action flow chart for operators and a forecasting tool. The utility also is in regular discussions with BPA.

“It strikes me as one of those places where there will be really important coordination, as they move forward with their Markets+ decision,” OPUC Chair Letha Tawney said. “This could get hairy.”

PacifiCorp Preparations

Weather forecasters predict higher-than-average temperatures for most of the West this summer.

But PacifiCorp’s predicted summer peak of 11,163 MW is not a significant jump from its 2024 summer peak, according to Ben Faulkinberry, senior originator in the company’s energy supply business unit.

Since summer 2024, PacifiCorp has added 1,000 MW of wind resources and 320 MW of solar while also completing a 75-MW natural gas plant expansion. Another 400 MW of wind and 500 MW of solar are expected by the end of this summer.

PacifiCorp also energized the Gateway South transmission line, a 500-kV line that will carry electricity from the company’s wind power projects in Wyoming to the load center in Utah.

With the new line in service, curtailments of Wyoming wind are down by about 70%, Faulkinberry told the commission. And during the summer, when there’s less wind in eastern Wyoming, Gateway South gives PacifiCorp greater capacity to transact with market participants on the east side of the Rockies, he said.

“Our load requirement has not jumped substantially. We’ve added new resources. We’ve added new connectivity,” Faulkinberry said. “So we’re feeling, on the whole, pretty well-situated going into summer 2025.”

Still, PacifiCorp faces potential summer threats. One concern is the possibility of extreme heat simultaneously hitting the Pacific Northwest, Desert Southwest and California regions.

“That really puts a stress on our system as well as for the region as a whole,” he said.

Another worry is wildfire, which could affect transmission across the grid. Southern Oregon and southern Idaho, areas where PacifiCorp has “some pretty key connectivity,” are particular concerns, Faulkinberry said.

PacifiCorp also is expanding its demand response programs, including Cool Keeper, which has been a longstanding program in Utah.

Through the program, which PacifiCorp now is rolling out in Oregon, a technician installs a device that curbs power to the air conditioner compressor of a residence or small business. The company controls the device, and the customer can’t bypass it.

A typical Cool Keeper event lasts 5 to 15 minutes — enough time to stabilize the grid when it gets out of balance.

Because the fan and air handling components of the air conditioner keep running, customers generally don’t feel uncomfortable. Customers receive a bill credit for participating.

PacifiCorp forecasts that participation in Cool Keeper, along with a battery incentive program called Wattsmart, will offset the need to build three natural gas peaker plants within four to five years.

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New CAISO-Powerex Dispute Centers on ‘Voluntary’ Nature of EDAM

CAISO has dismissed Powerex’s contention that the ISO only recently has “revealed” that participation in its Extended Day-Ahead Market is voluntary at the balancing authority level but not voluntary for “individual customers” operating within the BA participating in the market. 

“Powerex’s claim is incorrect and directly at odds with the factual record,” CAISO wrote in a June 17 “limited answer” filed in the FERC docket for PacifiCorp’s proposed revisions to its Open Access Transmission Tariff, intended to facilitate the utility’s participation in EDAM (ER25-951). 

In February, PacifiCorp’s OATT proceeding had opened yet another front in the competition between EDAM and SPP’s Markets+. 

That’s when Powerex — a strong Markets+ backer — published a paper arguing that PacifiCorp’s revisions showed the EDAM contained a “design flaw” in how it allocates transmission congestion revenues in situations when congestion results from loop flow. (See Powerex Paper Sparks Dispute over EDAM ‘Design Flaw’.) 

CAISO and PacifiCorp initially rebuffed that characterization, but the ISO and its stakeholders did move to quickly address the matter with congestion revenue allocation rule changes developed through an expedited stakeholder process. (See CAISO Approves New EDAM Congestion Revenue Allocation Design.) 

But the issue spelled out in CAISO’s June 17 answer represents a new twist in the running dispute in the OATT proceeding. 

In its answer, CAISO was responding to a June 11 comment Powerex submitted in the docket in which the Vancouver, B.C.-based power trader said the ISO has long promoted the EDAM as “voluntary and incremental” — a “natural evolution” of the Western Energy Imbalance Market (WEIM). 

But, Powerex went on to contend, in a May 19 filing, CAISO for the first time “revealed” a “radically different approach” in which “EDAM could no longer be described as voluntary at all because only PacifiCorp (or other prospective balancing authorities) will be offered the choice to participate in EDAM.” 

Powerex was pointing specifically to CAISO’s statements around an EDAM provision that allows a participating BA to “carve out” the embedded transmission of nonparticipating transmission service provider (TSP) from EDAM’s market optimization. In the May 19 filing, the ISO said it agreed PacifiCorp had the right to take that action but added that “any such carveouts should be an option of last resort.” 

Instead, CAISO argued, a “similar and more efficient” option would be for the nonparticipating TSP to self-schedule the use of its own transmission within EDAM and directly settle the associated energy schedules, including congestion price differences, with the market operator.” 

Powerex said this showed CAISO was seeking to “achieve this compulsory participation” and create a “captive market” along the lines of an RTO, but without providing the full benefits of an RTO. 

That would mean PacifiCorp’s decision to join the market would “in turn, require every electricity transaction and every delivery by every customer in PacifiCorp’s area to take place through EDAM,” Powerex wrote. “In addition, once PacifiCorp joins EDAM, all of its own transactions and all of its own deliveries will also be required to occur entirely through EDAM.” 

Powerex went on to warn that “if CAISO’s new vision for EDAM is accepted, it would effectively make all activity in the electricity sectors of Wyoming and Utah, as well as significant portions of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, captive to CAISO’s authority and ongoing decision-making under CAISO’s governance structure, as a result of PacifiCorp’s election to join EDAM.” 

‘No Recognizable Reason’

In its June 17 answer, CAISO retorted that, although Powerex “professes surprise” at the ISO’s statements in its May 19 filing, those comments represented “nothing new, surprising or radically different” from the ISO’s previous description of EDAM. 

“In fact, … CAISO was explicit in its 2023 tariff amendment filing to implement the EDAM design — on which Powerex submitted comments not even raising this subject — that participation in EDAM is voluntary at the balancing authority level but that all supply and demand in each EDAM balancing area must participate in the day-ahead market,” the ISO wrote. 

CAISO noted FERC approved this “foundational concept” of the EDAM in its December 2023 order approving the market’s tariff and “should reject Powerex’s factually inaccurate claims and its arguments based on those claims.”  

It pointed out that the transmittal letter accompanying the EDAM tariff filing stated the tariff included three options for the use of OATT transmission service rights in the market but that CAISO “had rejected proposals for other options involving broad or automatic opt-outs or carveouts of transmission capacity from the market.” 

The transmittal letter noted that CAISO and its stakeholders had determined that carveouts would create market inefficiencies, in part by potentially creating congestion in situations when a carveout leaves a path underused despite the availability of sufficient transmission capacity. 

“In addition, Powerex contradicts history in claiming the CAISO is in 2025 announcing a ‘radically different approach’ under which every electricity transaction and every delivery by every customer in PacifiCorp’s area will take place through EDAM. The CAISO made this requirement clear multiple times in its 2023 filing of tariff amendments to implement EDAM,” the ISO wrote. 

“In short, there is no cognizable reason for surprise on Powerex’s part,” it said. 

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Lauby Says U.S. ‘On the Right Track’ After Iberian Blackout

NERC Chief Engineer Mark Lauby told FERC commissioners that two recent reports on the Iberian Peninsula outages of April suggest the U.S. is “on the right track” regarding necessary steps to protect the grid from similar incidents.

Speaking at FERC’s monthly open meeting, Lauby reviewed the reports released June 17 by the Spanish government and June 18 by grid operator Red Electrica on the blackout that left the entire population of Spain and Portugal — as well as parts of France — without power for up to 18 hours. The reports concluded that traditional synchronous generation could not adequately control high voltage resulting from frequency oscillations on the grid. (See related story, Expert Says Spain Blackout Unlikely in U.S.)

“Initial thoughts were that this event was maybe driven by reduced inertia or frequency ride-through,” Lauby said, referring to speculation in the days after the blackout that the high proportion of solar, wind and battery resources on the Spanish grid made it difficult for Red Electrica to manage the oscillations. “But it’s become clear — from the Spanish reports, anyway — that the challenge was the ability to manage the grid’s static and dynamic voltage.”

Reviewing the sequence of events, Lauby said the frequency oscillations began around noon April 28, first with local oscillations between the Spanish and Portuguese systems and then an inter-area oscillation that “raced … all across the continent.” Red Electrica activated its mitigation measures in response to the oscillations, after which voltage began to rise.

According to the government report, 11 thermal generation plants and an unspecified amount of hydraulic generation were available for voltage control at the time of the blackout. Spain’s electricity regulations do not allow renewable energy resources and battery energy storage systems to be used for voltage control. Red Electrica attempted to combat the voltage fluctuations with static reactive devices, which reduced system voltage but left the operator with less flexibility because of the stepwise “all-or-nothing” nature of the devices.

At 12:32:57, about 10 minutes after the voltage began to rise, 355 MW of generation of unknown type left the grid after a collector substation tripped offline due to overvoltage. Within the next 20 seconds, an additional 1.5 GW including four wind farms and four solar installations was lost. After another two seconds, as the Iberian grid began to lose synchronization with the rest of the European system, the AC lines between France and Spain were disconnected, and the Spanish and Portuguese systems collapsed at 12:33:24, less than 30 seconds after the initial generation loss.

Resources on the Spanish grid the morning of the incident, according to Red Electrica | Red Electrica

Reviewing the recommendations in the Red Electrica and government reports, Lauby noted that several of them are measures that U.S. grid operators already are required to follow.

“Some of the standards we have in place, for example our voltage and reactive standards, along with FERC Order 827, ensure sufficient dynamic reactive support is planned and operated,” Lauby said. He noted that Red Electrica’s recommendation of a review of overvoltage protection settings is similar to efforts already underway in the form of a Level 3 alert approved by NERC’s Board of Trustees in May setting out essential actions regarding inverter-based resource performance and modeling. (See NERC Warns Summer Shortfalls Possible in Multiple Regions.)

Lauby also pointed out that unlike Spain’s regulator, FERC and NERC already require that all generation units capable of voltage regulation, including IBRs, provide such service. In addition, the reports mention tools like synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators and static synchronous compensators that already are present in the U.S. grid.

Asked by FERC Commissioner David Rosner whether the reports suggested any “gaps in [NERC’s] reliability standards” that could lead to similar incidents, Lauby said he didn’t see any “glaring gaps” but emphasized the importance of continuing to work with experts and equipment manufacturers to identify vulnerabilities.

Lauby also told attendees that the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, an association of 40 transmission system operators spanning 36 European countries, is preparing its own analysis of the Iberian blackout, to be released in September. He said NERC “will wait for that report to gain any [further] insights” into the incident.

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NEPOOL PC Briefs: June 24-26, 2025

Annual State of the Market

HARWICH, Mass. — Amid extreme temperatures and the highest peak demand experienced in years, ISO-NE and stakeholders discussed market performance, capacity auction reforms, the RTO’s 2026 budget and asset condition spending at the summer meeting of the NEPOOL Participants Committee on June 24-26. 

The three-day meeting at a luxury resort on Cape Cod was preceded by the news that CEO Gordon van Welie, who has led the RTO since 2001, will retire by the end of the year. He will be replaced by COO Vamsi Chadalavada. (See ISO-NE CEO Gordon van Welie Announces Retirement.) 

David Patton of Potomac Economics, ISO-NE’s External Market Monitor, presented his annual assessment of the region’s markets, which found they “performed competitively” but concluded that “key improvements will be increasingly important in the coming years.” 

ISO-NE had the highest overall wholesale market costs of all RTOs in 2024 because of high gas costs, Patton said. New England’s reliance on natural gas generation has increased in recent years; according to ISO-NE data, gas generation hit a record high in 2024, accounting for 51% of net energy for load in the region. (See New England Gas Generation Hit a Record High in 2024.) 

Patton added that New England faced inflated capacity costs because of overforecast demand in its Forward Capacity Auctions, which is “slow to correct in the [Forward Capacity Market].” 

The region also continues to have extremely high transmission rates, which were “more than double the average rates in other RTO markets,” Patton said. He noted that the region’s transmission investments have led to low congestion costs. ISO-NE continued to have the lowest congestion costs of all RTOs in 2024, estimated to be “8 to 17% of other RTOs per megawatt-hours of load,” Patton added. 

However, some stakeholders said this calculation of congestion costs does not appear to fully account for transmission constraints in Maine, which have limited the development of renewables and are the target of the first ISO-NE Longer-Term Transmission Planning solicitation. (See ISO-NE Releases Longer-term Transmission Planning RFP.) 

Patton also expressed concern about a lack of liquidity in ISO-NE’s day-ahead market because of “inefficient allocation of costs to virtual transactions.” 

Patton supports ISO-NE’s ongoing efforts to overhaul its capacity market, which are focused on improving resource accreditation, reducing the time between auctions and capacity commitment periods (CCPs), and splitting CCPs into summer and winter seasons. 

He also called for a reduction in ISO-NE’s Pay-for-Performance (PFP) rate, which he said often overstates the value of reserves and could cause the premature retirement of some fossil units. He said the RTO should align PFP charges with the severity of reserve shortages and charge exporters the PFP rate. 

Reflecting on two capacity deficiency events in the summer of 2024, Patton said “extraordinary prices” caused significant charges imposed on steam turbine and combined cycle plants, “most of which were available but not committed in the day-ahead markets.” 

High PFP charges on resources that were not committed in the day-ahead market could cause “lower net revenues that may lead to premature retirements” and “inefficient incentives to self-commit such resources,” Patton said. 

As states look to transition away from fossil generation, Patton concluded that the region is “well positioned to handle the renewable transition” but recommended that the RTO develop a “a look-ahead dispatch model to address ramp needs and [the] optimization of storage resources.” 

Multiyear Road Map

Chadalavada outlined some “key future focus areas” for the RTO over the next few years, including the development of “forward-looking intraday market-clearing and pricing systems,” intended to help optimize storage deployment and meet increasing ramping requirements. 

“To cost-effectively address operational uncertainties in a dynamic power system, costs will need to be incurred now to position the system with sufficient flexibility later,” Chadalavada said. “This will require new real-time, ‘multi-interval’ optimization and pricing algorithms incorporating probabilistic forecasts.” 

Chadalavada said ISO-NE aims to develop probabilistic forecasts for load and renewable production, which should help the RTO manage increasing uncertainty on the system.  

He said ISO-NE is researching methods for multi-interval pricing and probabilistic forecasting, and said the RTO “may recommend a sequence of phased and interdependent market enhancements over the course of this initiative.” 

Other focus areas Chadalavada highlighted include system planning coordination, modeling of inverter-based resources, resource adequacy and cybersecurity.  

2026 Budget

ISO-NE outlined its initial 2026 budget proposal: a revenue requirement of $315.2 million, which would be a $4 million increase over the 2025 requirement. 

This includes a $15.6 million reduction associated with the annual revenue true-up. Without the true-up, the 2026 budget is 1.8% lower than ISO-NE initially projected in 2024. 

“The budget for 2026 represents the ISO’s commitment to supporting the region as it continues to experience an evolving resource mix and changing customer use patterns, ensuring that markets and grid operations are efficient and reliable,” said Kelly Reyngold, director of accounting. 

Notably, the budget “includes ‘placeholder’ funding for asset-condition review work that will only be used for this purpose and, if not needed, will not be reallocated for use elsewhere.” 

Earlier in 2025, ISO-NE announced that it is open to taking on a nonregulatory role in reviewing asset-condition spending, responding to state and consumer advocacy concerns about a lack of transparency and oversight on the projects. (See ISO-NE Open to Asset Condition Review Role amid Rising Costs.) 

Chadalavada said it likely will take about 18 months to develop in-house asset-condition review capabilities but that ISO-NE hopes to hire a consultant to help review the most important projects in the interim period. He said the RTO is working with transmission owners to establish the criteria for reviewing projects in this interim period and eventually will include all stakeholders in these discussions. 

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PJM Exceeds Forecast Summer Peak Load During June Heat Wave

PJM experienced a preliminary peak load over 160 GW on the afternoon of June 23, surpassing the RTO’s summer forecast of 154 GW and requiring the deployment of pre-emergency demand response. (See PJM Summer Forecast Reports Sufficient Supply.) 

The heat wave blanketing much of the region brought temperatures of around 100 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to an RTO-wide hot weather alert being issued between June 22 and 25, which was extended to include the 26th as well. Several pre-emergency load management reduction actions were taken June 24 across the RTO, while DR also was called for the Mid-Atlantic and Dominion regions June 23 and 25. 

Two maximum generation/load management alerts were issued on June 24 and 25, a notification instructing resource owners to be prepared to operate above their economic parameters if emergency actions are taken. The alerts also put PJM into NERC’s Energy Emergency Alert (EEA) 1 status for their duration. 

PJM spokesperson Daniel Lockwood said the June 23 and 24 peaks are the highest PJM has seen since 2011 and both place in the top five for all-time peak demand. 

PJM also reported that it has dispatched Eddystone Units 3 and 4 throughout the heat wave. The generator is being operated past its requested deactivation date of May 31 under a Department of Energy emergency order expiring Aug. 28. Eddystone Unit 3 ran for 16 hours on June 23 and all day on the 24th, while Unit 4 operated 14 hours on the 23rd and 20 hours the following day. Both units ran all day on June 25. (See DOE Orders PJM, Constellation to Keep 760-MW Eddystone Generators Online.)